Ben Shneiderman
Has also published under the name of:
"B. Shneiderman"
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Publications by Ben Shneiderman (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Fischer, Gerhard, Jennings, Pamela, Maher, Mary Lou, Resnick, Mitchel and Shneiderman, Ben (2009): Creativity challenges and opportunities in social computing. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 3283-3286. Available online
“There is a convergence in recent theories of creativity that go beyond characteristics and cognitive processes of individuals to recognize the importance of the social construction of creativity. In parallel, there has been a rise in social computing supporting the collaborative construction of knowledge. The panel will discuss the challenges and opportunities from the confluence of these two developments by bringing together the contrasting and controversial perspective of the individual panel members. It will synthesize from different perspectives an analytic framework to understand these new developments, and how to promote rigorous research methods and how to identify the unique challenges in developing evaluation and assessment methods for creativity research.”
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Schraefel, MC, André, Paul, White, Ryen, Tan, Desney, Berners-Lee, Tim, Consolvo, Sunny, Jacobs, Robert, Kohane, Issac, Dantec, Christopher A. La, Mamykina, Lena, Marsden, Gary and Shneiderman, Ben (2009): Interacting with eHealth: towards grand challenges for HCI. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 3309-3312. Available online
“While health records are increasingly stored electronically, we have little access to this data about ourselves. We're not used to thinking of these official records either as ours or as something we'd understand if we had access to them in any case. We increasingly turn to the Web, however, to query any ache, pain or health goal we may have before consulting with health care professionals. Likewise, for proactive health care, such as nutrition or fitness, or post diagnosis support, to find fellow-sufferers, we turn to online resources. There is, it seems, a potential disconnect between points at which professional and proactive health care intersect. Such gaps in information sharing may have direct impact on practices we decide to take up, the care we seek, and the support professionals offer. In this panel, we consider several places within proactive, preventative health care in particular HCI has a role towards enhancing health knowledge discovery and health support interaction. Our goal is to demonstrate how now is the time for eHealth to come to the forefront of the HCI research agenda.”
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» 2008 «
Perer, Adam and Shneiderman, Ben (2008): Integrating statistics and visualization: case studies of gaining clarity during exploratory data analysis. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 265-274. Available online
“Although both statistical methods and visualizations have been used by network analysts, exploratory data analysis remains a challenge. We propose that a tight integration of these technologies in an interactive exploratory tool could dramatically speed insight development. To test the power of this integrated approach, we created a novel social network analysis tool, SocialAction, and conducted four long-term case studies with domain experts, each working on unique data sets with unique problems. The structured replicated case studies show that the integrated approach in SocialAction led to significant discoveries by a political analyst, a bibliometrician, a healthcare consultant, and a counter-terrorism researcher. Our contributions demonstrate that the tight integration of statistics and visualizations improves exploratory data analysis, and that our evaluation methodology for long-term case studies captures the research strategies of data analysts.”
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Wang, Taowei David, Plaisant, Catherine, Quinn, Alexander J., Stanchak, Roman, Murphy, Shawn and Shneiderman, Ben (2008): Aligning temporal data by sentinel events: discovering patterns in electronic health records. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 457-466. Available online
“Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and other temporal databases contain hidden patterns that reveal important cause-and-effect phenomena. Finding these patterns is a challenge when using traditional query languages and tabular displays. We present an interactive visual tool that complements query formulation by providing operations to align, rank and filter the results, and to visualize estimates of the intervals of validity of the data. Display of patient histories aligned on sentinel events (such as a first heart attack) enables users to spot precursor, co-occurring, and aftereffect events. A controlled study demonstrates the benefits of providing alignment (with a 61% speed improvement for complex tasks). A qualitative study and interviews with medical professionals demonstrates that the interface can be learned quickly and seems to address their needs.”
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Perer, Adam and Shneiderman, Ben (2008): Systematic yet flexible discovery: guiding domain experts through exploratory data analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces 2008. pp. 109-118. Available online
“During exploratory data analysis, visualizations are often useful for making sense of complex data sets. However, as data sets increase in size and complexity, static information visualizations decrease in comprehensibility. Interactive techniques can yield valuable discoveries, but current data analysis tools typically support only opportunistic exploration that may be inefficient and incomplete. We present a refined architecture that uses systematic yet flexible (SYF) design goals to guide domain expert users through complex exploration of data over days, weeks and months. The SYF system aims to support exploratory data analysis with some of the simplicity of an e-commerce check-out while providing added flexibility to pursue insights. The SYF system provides an overview of the analysis process, suggests unexplored states, allows users to annotate useful states, supports collaboration, and enables reuse of successful strategies. The affordances of the SYF system are demonstrated by integrating it into a social network analysis tool employed by social scientists and intelligence analysts. The SYF system is a tool-independent component and can be incorporated into other data analysis tools.”
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Zhao, Haixia, Plaisant, Catherine, Shneiderman, Ben and Lazar, Jonathan (2008): Data Sonification for Users with Visual Impairment: A Case Study with Georeferenced Data. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 15 (1) p. 4
“We describe the development and evaluation of a tool, iSonic, to assist users with visual impairment in exploring georeferenced data using coordinated maps and tables, augmented with nontextual sounds and speech output. Our in-depth case studies with 7 blind users during 42 hours of data collection, showed that iSonic enabled them to find facts and discover trends in georeferenced data, even in unfamiliar geographical contexts, without special devices. Our design was guided by an Action-by-Design-Component (ADC) framework, which was also applied to scatterplots to demonstrate its generalizability. Video and download is available at www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/iSonic/.”
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» 2007 «
Shneiderman, Ben, Colwell, Rita, Diamond, Sara, Greenhalgh, Paul and Wulf, William (2007): Bridging art and science with creativity support tools. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2007, Washington DC, USA. p. 309. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (2007): 25 years of CHI conferences: capturing the exchange of ideas. In Interactions, 14 (2) pp. 24-31
Namata, Galileo, Staats, Brian, Getoor, Lise and Shneiderman, Ben (2007): A dual-view approach to interactive network visualization. In: Silva, Mario J., Laender, Alberto H. F., Baeza-Yates, Ricardo A., McGuinness, Deborah L., Olstad, Bjørn, Olsen, Øystein Haug and Falcão, André O. (eds.) Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management - CIKM 2007 November 6-10, 2007, Lisbon, Portugal. pp. 939-942. Available online
Don, Anthony, Zheleva, Elena, Gregory, Machon, Tarkan, Sureyya, Auvil, Loretta, Clement, Tanya, Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine (2007): Discovering interesting usage patterns in text collections: integrating text mining with visualization. In: Silva, Mario J., Laender, Alberto H. F., Baeza-Yates, Ricardo A., McGuinness, Deborah L., Olstad, Bjørn, Olsen, Øystein Haug and Falcão, André O. (eds.) Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management - CIKM 2007 November 6-10, 2007, Lisbon, Portugal. pp. 213-222. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (2007): Human Values for Shaping the Made World. In: Baranauskas, Maria Cecília Calani, Palanque, Philippe A., Abascal, Julio and Barbosa, Simone Diniz Junqueira (eds.) DEGAS 2007 - Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Design and Evaluation of e-Government Applications and Services September 11th, 2007, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. p. 1. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (2007): Creativity support tools: accelerating discovery and innovation. In Communications of the ACM, 50 (12) pp. 20-32
» 2006 «
Lazar, Jonathan, Jones, Adam and Shneiderman, Ben (2006): Workplace user frustration with computers: an exploratory investigation of the causes and severity. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 25 (3) pp. 239-251
“When hard-to-use computers cause users to become frustrated, it can affect workplace productivity, user mood and interactions with other co-workers. Previous research has examined the frustration that students and their families face in using computers. To learn more about the causes and measure the severity of user frustration with computers in the workplace, we collected modified time diaries from 50 workplace users, who spent an average of 5.1 hours on the computer. In this exploratory research, users reported wasting on average, 42 -- 43% of their time on the computer due to frustrating experiences. The largest number of frustrating experiences occurred while using word processors, email and web browsers. The causes of the frustrating experiences, the time lost due to the frustrating experiences, and the effects of the frustrating experiences on the mood of the users are discussed in this paper. Implications for designers, managers, users, information technology staff and policymakers are discussed.”
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Kules, Bill, Kustanowitz, Jack and Shneiderman, Ben (2006): Categorizing web search results into meaningful and stable categories using fast-feature techniques. In: JCDL06: Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2006. pp. 210-219. Available online
“When search results against digital libraries and web resources have limited metadata, augmenting them with meaningful and stable category information can enable better overviews and support user exploration. This paper proposes six fast-feature techniques that use only features available in the search result list, such as title, snippet, and URL, to categorize results into meaningful categories. They use credible knowledge resources, including a US government organizational hierarchy, a thematic hierarchy from the Open Directory Project (ODP) web directory, and personal browse histories, to add valuable metadata to search results. In three tests the percent of results categorized for five representative queries was high enough to suggest practical benefits: general web search (76-90%), government web search (39-100%), and the Bureau of Labor Statistics website (48-94%). An additional test submitted 250 TREC queries to a search engine and successfully categorized 66% of the top 100 using the ODP and 61% of the top 350. Fast-feature techniques have been implemented in a prototype search engine. We propose research directions to improve categorization rates and make suggestions about how web site designers could re-organize their sites to support fast categorization of search results.”
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Lazar, Jonathan, Jones, Adam, Hackley, Mary and Shneiderman, Ben (2006): Severity and impact of computer user frustration: A comparison of student and workplace users. In Interacting with Computers, 18 (2) pp. 187-207
“User frustration with information and computing technology is a pervasive and persistent problem. When computers crash, network congestion causes delays, and poor user interfaces trigger confusion there are dramatic consequences for individuals, organizations, and society. These frustrations, not only cause personal dissatisfaction and loss of self-efficacy, but may disrupt workplaces, slow learning, and reduce participation in local and national communities. Our exploratory study of 107 student computer users and 50 workplace computer users shows high levels of frustration and loss of 1/3-1/2 of time spent. This paper reports on the incident and individual factors that cause of frustration, and how they raise frustration severity. It examines the frustration impacts on the daily interactions of the users. The time lost and time to fix problem, and importance of task, strongly correlate with frustration levels for both student and workplace users. Differences between students and workplace users are discussed in the paper, as are implications for researchers.”
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Shneiderman, Ben, Fischer, Gerhard, Czerwinski, Mary, Resnick, Mitchel, Myers, Brad A., Candy, Linda, Edmonds, Ernest, Eisenberg, Michael, Giaccardi, Elisa, Hewett, Tom, Jennings, Pamela and Kules, Bill (2006): Creativity Support Tools: Report From a U.S. National Science Foundation Sponsored Workshop. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 20 (2) pp. 61-77
“Creativity support tools is a research topic with high risk but potentially very high payoff. The goal is to develop improved software and user interfaces that empower users to be not only more productive but also more innovative. Potential users include software and other engineers, diverse scientists, product and graphic designers, architects, educators, students, and many others. Enhanced interfaces could enable more effective searching of intellectual resources, improved collaboration among teams, and more rapid discovery processes. These advanced interfaces should also provide potent support in hypothesis formation, speedier evaluation of alternatives, improved understanding through visualization, and better dissemination of results. For creative endeavors that require composition of novel artifacts (e.g., computer programs, scientific papers, engineering diagrams, symphonies, artwork), enhanced interfaces could facilitate exploration of alternatives, prevent unproductive choices, and enable easy backtracking. This U.S. National Science Foundation sponsored workshop brought together 25 research leaders and graduate students to share experiences, identify opportunities, and formulate research challenges. Two key outcomes emerged: (a) encouragement to evaluate creativity support tools through multidimensional in-depth longitudinal case studies and (b) formulation of 12 principles for design of creativity support tools.”
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Perer, Adam, Shneiderman, Ben and Oard, Douglas W. (2006): Using rhythms of relationships to understand e-mail archives. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57 (14) pp. 1936-1948
Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine (2006): Strategies for evaluating information visualization tools: multi-dimensional in-depth long-term case studies. In: Bertini, Enrico, Plaisant, Catherine and Santucci, Giuseppe (eds.) BELIV 2006 - Proceedings of the 2006 AVI Workshop on BEyond time and errors novel evaluation methods for information visualization May 23, 2006, Venice, Italy. pp. 1-7. Available online
Marchionini, Gary, Haas, Stephanie W., Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2006): Integrating data and interfaces to enhance understanding of government statistics: toward the national statistical knowledge network project briefing. In: Fortes, José A. B. and MacIntosh, Ann (eds.) DG.O 2006 - Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research May 21-24, 2006, San Diego, California, USA. pp. 334-335. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben, Bederson, Benjamin B. and Drucker, Steven M. (2006): Find that photo!: interface strategies to annotate, browse, and share. In Communications of the ACM, 49 (4) pp. 69-71
» 2005 «
Zhao, Haixia, Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2005): iSonic: interactive sonification for non-visual data exploration. In: Seventh Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 2005. pp. 194-195. Available online
“iSonic is an interactive sonification tool for vision impaired users to explore geo-referenced statistical data, such as population or crime rates by geographical regions. Users use a keyboard or a smooth surface touchpad to interact with coordinated map and table views of the data. The integrated use of musical sounds and speech allows users to grasp the overall data trends and to explore the data to get more details. Scenarios of use are described.”
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Kustanowitz, Jack and Shneiderman, Ben (2005): Meaningful presentations of photo libraries: rationale and applications of bi-level radial quantum layouts. In: JCDL05: Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2005. pp. 188-196. Available online
“Searching photo libraries can be made more satisfying and successful if search results are presented in a way that allows users to gain an overview of the photo categories. Since photo layouts on computer displays are the primary way that users get an overview, we propose a novel approach to show more photos in meaningful groupings. Photo layouts can be linear strips, or zoomable three dimensional arrangements, but the most common form is the two-dimensional grid. This paper introduces a novel bi-level hierarchical layout with motivating examples. In a bi-level hierarchy, one region is designated for primary content -- an image, text, or combination. Adjacent to that region, groups of photos are placed radially in an ordered fashion, such that the relationship of the single primary region to its many secondary regions is apparent. A compelling aspect is the interactive experience in which the layout is dynamically resized, allowing users to rapidly, incrementally, and reversibly alter the dimensions and content. It can accommodate hundreds of photos in dozens of regions, can be customized in a corner or center layout, and can scale from an element on a web page to a large poster size. On typical displays (1024 x 1280 or 1200 x 1600 pixels), bi-level radial quantum layouts can conveniently accommodate 2-20 regions with tens or hundreds of photos per region.”
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Zhao, Haixia, Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2005): "I hear the pattern": interactive sonification of geographical data patterns. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1905-1908. Available online
“Interactive sonification (non-speech sound) is a novel strategy to present the geographical distribution patterns of statistical data to vision impaired users. We discuss the design space with dimensions of interaction actions, data representation forms, input devices, navigation structures, and sound feedback encoding. Two interfaces were designed, one using a keyboard and another using a smooth surface touch tablet. A study with three blind users shows that they are able to perceive patterns of 5-category values on both familiar and unknown maps, and learn new map geography, in both interfaces.”
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Aris, A., Shneiderman, Ben, Plaisant, Catherine, Shmueli, G. and Jank, W. (2005): Representing Unevenly-Spaced Time Series Data for Visualization and Interactive Exploration. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT05: Human-Computer Interaction 2005. pp. 835-846. Available online
“Visualizing time series is useful to support discovery of relations and patterns in financial, genomic, medical and other applications. Often, measurements are equally spaced over time. We discuss the challenges of unevenly-spaced time series and present fourrepresentationmethods: sampled events, aggregated sampled events, event index and interleaved event index. We developed these methods while studying eBay auction data with TimeSearcher. We describe the advantages, disadvantages, choices for algorithms and parameters, and compare the different methods for different tasks. Interaction issues such as screen resolution, response time for dynamic queries, and learnability are governed by these decisions.”
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Shneiderman, Ben and Bederson, Benjamin B. (2005): Maintaining concentration to achieve task completion. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Designing for User Experiences DUX05 2005. p. 9. Available online
“When faced with a challenging goal, knowledge workers need to concentrate on their tasks so that they move forward toward completion. Since frustrations, distractions, and interruptions can interfere with their smooth progress, design strategies should enable users to maintain concentration. This paper promotes awareness of this issue, reviews related work, and suggests three initial strategies: Reduce short-term and working memory load, provide information abundant interfaces, and increase automaticity.”
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Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine (2005): Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (4th ed.). Addison-Wesley
Shneiderman, Ben (2005): Leonardo's laptop: human needs and the new computing technologies. In: Herzog, Otthein, Schek, Hans-Jörg and Fuhr, Norbert (eds.) Proceedings of the 2005 ACM CIKM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management October 31 - November 5, 2005, Bremen, Germany. p. 1. Available online
Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2005): Show Me! Guidelines for Producing Recorded Demonstrations. In: VL-HCC 2005 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 21-24 September, 2005, Dallas, TX, USA. pp. 171-178. Available online
Marchionini, Gary, Haas, Stephanie W., Shneiderman, Ben, Plaisant, Catherine and Hert, Carol A. (2005): Project highlight: toward a statistical knowledge network--2004-05. In: Delcambre, Lois M. L. and Giuliano, Genevieve (eds.) DG.O 2005 - Proceedings of the 2005 National Conference on Digital Government Research May 15-18, 2005, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. pp. 177-178. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (2005): Human-computer interaction themes in digital government: web site comprehension and statistics visualization. In: Delcambre, Lois M. L. and Giuliano, Genevieve (eds.) DG.O 2005 - Proceedings of the 2005 National Conference on Digital Government Research May 15-18, 2005, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. pp. 7-8. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (2005): Managing Design Processes for Successful User Interfaces. In: Holzinger, Andreas and Weidmann, Karl-Heinz (eds.) 1st Usability Symposium, HCI&UE Workgroup 8 November, 2005, Vienna, Austria. pp. 15-30.
Klawe, Maria M. and Shneiderman, Ben (2005): Crisis and opportunity in computer science. In Communications of the ACM, 48 (11) pp. 27-28
» 2004 «
Kules, Bill, Kang, Hyunmo, Plaisant, Catherine, Rose, Anne and Shneiderman, Ben (2004): Immediate usability: a case study of public access design for a community photo library. In Interacting with Computers, 16 (6) pp. 1171-1193
“This paper describes a novel instantiation of a digital photo library in a public access system. It demonstrates how designers can utilize characteristics of a target user community (social constraints, trust, and a lack of anonymity) to provide capabilities, such as unrestricted annotation and uploading of photos, which would be impractical in other types of public access systems. It also presents a compact set of design principles and guidelines for ensuring the immediate usability of public access information systems. These principles and guidelines were derived from our experience developing PhotoFinder Kiosk, a community photo library. Attendees of a major HCI conference (CHI 2001 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems) successfully used the tool to browse and annotate collections of photographs spanning 20 years of HCI-related conferences, producing a richly annotated photo history of the field of human-computer interaction. Observations and usage log data were used to evaluate the tool and develop the guidelines. They provide specific guidance for practitioners, as well as a useful framework for additional research in public access interfaces.”
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Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine (2004): Designing the User Interface : Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. Addison-Wesley Publishing
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Shneiderman, Ben (2004): Designing for fun: how can we design user interfaces to be more fun?. In Interactions, 11 (5) pp. 48-50
Ceaparu, Irina, Lazar, Jonathan, Bessiere, Katie, Robinson, John and Shneiderman, Ben (2004): Determining Causes and Severity of End-User Frustration. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 17 (3) pp. 333-356
“Although computers are beneficial to individuals and society, frequently users encounter frustrating experiences when using computers. This study represents an attempt to measure, in 111 participants, the frequency, the cause, and the level of severity of frustrating experiences. The data show that frustrating experiences happen on a frequent basis. The applications in which the frustrating experiences happened most frequently were Web browsing, e-mail, and word processing. The most-cited causes of frustrating experiences were error messages, dropped network connections, long download times, and hard-to-find features. The time lost due to frustrating experiences ranged from 47% to 53% of time spent on a computer, depending on the location and study method. After extreme cases were discarded, the time lost was still above 38%. These disturbing results should be a basis for future study.”
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Ceaparu, Irina and Shneiderman, Ben (2004): Finding governmental statistical data on the Web: A study of categorically organized links for the FedStats topics page. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55 (11) pp. 1008-1015
Chintalapani, Gouthami, Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2004): Extending the Utility of Treemaps with Flexible Hierarchy. In: IV 2004 - 8th International Conference on Information Visualisation 14-16 July, 2004, London, UK. pp. 335-344. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (2004): Facilitating Understanding of Information Visualizations: Emerging Principles and Examples. In: IV 2004 - 8th International Conference on Information Visualisation 14-16 July, 2004, London, UK. pp. 5-5. Available online
Marchionini, Gary, Haas, Stephanie W., Shneiderman, Ben, Plaisant, Catherine and Hert, Carol A. (2004): Toward the National Statistical Knowledge Network. In: DG.O 2004 2004. . Available online
Seo, Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben (2004): A Rank-by-Feature Framework for Unsupervised Multidimensional Data Exploration Using Low Dimensional Projections. In: InfoVis 2004 - 10th IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 10-12 October, 2004, Austin, TX, USA. pp. 65-72. Available online
» 2003 «
Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben (2003): The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections. Morgan Kaufman Publishers
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Shneiderman, Ben (2003): Promoting universal usability with multi-layer interface design. In: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM Conference on Universal Usability 2003. pp. 1-8. Available online
“Increased interest in universal usability is causing some researchers to study advanced strategies for satisfying first-time as well as intermittent and expert users. This paper promotes the idea of multi-layer interface designs that enable first-time and novice users to begin with a limited set of features at layer 1. They can remain at layer 1, then move up to higher layers when needed or when they have time to learn further features. The arguments for and against multi-layer interfaces are presented with two example systems: a word processor with 8 layers and an interactive map with 3 layers. New research methods and directions are proposed.”
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Norman, Kent L., Zhao, H., Shneiderman, Ben and Golub, E. (2003): Dynamic Query Choropleth Maps for Information Seeking and Decision Making. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 1263-1267.
Plaisant, Catherine, Kang, H. and Shneiderman, Ben (2003): Helping users get started with visual interfaces: multi-layered interfaces, integrated initial guidance and video demonstrations. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 790-794.
Grinstein, Georges G., Kobsa, Alfred, Plaisant, Catherine, Shneiderman, Ben and Stasko, John T. (2003): Which Comes First, Utility or Usability?. In: Turk, Greg, Wijk, Jarke J. van and II, Robert J. Moorhead (eds.) 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 Conference VIS 2003 19-24 October, 2003, Seattle, WA, USA. pp. 605-606.
Kang, Hyunmo, Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2003): Helping Users Get Started with Visual Interfaces: Multi-Layered Interfaces, Integrated Initial Guidance and Video Demonstrations. In: DG.O 2003 2003. . Available online
Kang, Hyunmo, Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2003): New Approaches to Help Users Get Started with Visual Interfaces: Multi-Layered Interfaces and Integrated Initial Guidance. In: DG.O 2003 2003. . Available online
Kules, Bill and Shneiderman, Ben (2003): Designing a Metadata -Driven Visual Information Browser for Federal Statistics. In: DG.O 2003 2003. . Available online
Kules, Bill, Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine (2003): Data Exploration with Paired Hierarchical Visualizations: Initial Designs of Pair Trees. In: DG.O 2003 2003. . Available online
Marchionini, Gary, Haas, Stephanie W., Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2003): Toward a Statistical Knowledge Network. In: DG.O 2003 2003. . Available online
Zhao, Haixia, Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine (2003): Improving Accessibility and Usability of Geo-referenced Statistical Data. In: DG.O 2003 2003. . Available online
Zhao, Haixia, Shneiderman, Ben, Plaisant, Catherine, Zotkin, Dmitry N. and Duraiswami, Ramani (2003): Improving Accessibility and Usability of Geo-referenced Statistical Data. In: DG.O 2003 2003. . Available online
Hert, Carol A., Liddy, Elizabeth D., Shneiderman, Ben and Marchionini, Gary (2003): Supporting statistical electronic table usage by citizens. In Communications of the ACM, 46 (1) pp. 52-54
» 2002 «
Shneiderman, Ben (2002): Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies. MIT Press
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Zaphiris, Panayiotis, Shneiderman, Ben and Norman, Kent L. (2002): Expandable indexes vs. sequential menus for searching hierarchies on the World Wide Web. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 21 (3) pp. 201-207
“An experiment is reported that compared expandable indexes providing full menu context with sequential menus providing only partial context. Menu depth was varied using hierarchies of two, three and four levels deep in an asymmetric structure of 457 root level items. Menus were presented on the World Wide Web within a browser. Participants searched for specific targets. Results suggest that reducing the depth of hierarchies improves performance in terms of speed and search efficiency. Surprisingly, expandable indexes resulted in poorer performance with deeper hierarchies than did sequential menus.”
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Shneiderman, Ben, Kang, Hyunmo, Kules, Bill, Plaisant, Catherine, Rose, Anne and Rucheir, Richesh (2002): A photo history of SIGCHI: evolution of design from personal to public. In Interactions, 9 (3) pp. 17-23
Shneiderman, Ben (2002): Understanding human reactivites and relationships: an excerpt from Leonardo's laptop. In Interactions, 9 (5) pp. 40-53
Shneiderman, Ben (2002): Leonardo's laptop : human needs and the new computing technologies /. MIT Press
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Shneiderman, Ben (2002): Creativity support tools: a tutorial overview. In: Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2002. pp. 1-2. Available online
“The tutorial begins with a model of creative processes and refines it into design principles. Participants will learn of eight ways to improve software that supports human creative processes: - searching and browsing digital libraries - visualizing data and processes, - consulting with peers and mentors, - thinking by free associations, - exploring solutions: what- if tools, - composing artifacts and performances, - reviewing and replaying session histories, and - disseminating results. These practical suggestions can be integrated into existing software applications, built into web services, or serve as the framework for novel tools. Software examples will be shown and brainstorming sessions will use projects from participants.”
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Seo, Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben (2002): Interactively Exploring Hierarchical Clustering Results. In IEEE Computer, 35 (7) pp. 80-86
Kang, Hyunmo, Shneiderman, Ben and Wolff, Gregory J. (2002): Dynamic Layout Management in a Multimedia Bulletin Board. In: HCC 2002 - IEEE CS International Symposium on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments 3-6 September, 2002, Arlington, VA, USA. pp. 51-53. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (2002): ACM's computing professionals face new challenges. In Communications of the ACM, 45 (2) pp. 31-34
Shneiderman, Ben (2002): Creativity support tools. In Communications of the ACM, 45 (10) pp. 116-120
» 2001 «
Shneiderman, Ben and Hochheiser, Harry (2001): Universal usability as a stimulus to advanced interface design. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 20 (5) pp. 367-376
“The desire to make computing available to broader populations has historically been a motivation for research and innovation that led to new breakthroughs in usability. Menus, graphical user interfaces and the World Wide Web are examples of innovative technological solutions that have arisen out of the challenge of bringing larger and more diverse groups of users into the world of computing. Universal usability is the latest such challenge: In order to build systems that are universally usable, designers must account for technology variety, user diversity and gaps in user knowledge. These issues are particularly challenging and important in the context of increasing the usability of the World Wide Web. To raise awareness, web designers are urged to provide universal usability statements that offer users information about the usability of their sites. These statements can inform users and thereby reduce frustration and confusion. Further steps toward universal usability might be achieved through research aimed at developing tools that would encourage or promote usability. The paper closes with five proposals for future research.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (2001): Design: CUU: bridging the digital divide with universal usability. In Interactions, 8 (2) pp. 11-15
Hochheiser, Harry and Shneiderman, Ben (2001): Universal usability statements: Marking the trail for all users. In Interactions, 8 (2) pp. 16-18
Konishi, M., Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2001): Enabling Commuters to Find the Best Route: An Interface for Analyzing Driving History Logs. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT01: Human-Computer Interaction 2001, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 799-800.
Hochheiser, Harry and Shneiderman, Ben (2001): Using interactive visualizations of WWW log data to characterize access patterns and inform site design. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52 (4) pp. 331-343
Dang, Gunjan, North, Chris and Shneiderman, Ben (2001): Dynamic Queries and Brushing on Choropleth Maps. In: IV 2001 2001. pp. 757-764. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (2001): Information Visualization: The Path from Innovation to Adoption. In: IV 2001 2001. pp. 3-. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben and Wattenberg, Martin (2001): Ordered Treemap Layouts. In: InfoVis 2001 2001. pp. 73-78. Available online
» 2000 «
Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Research Alerts. In Interactions, 7 (6) pp. 9-17
Tanin, Egemen, Lotem, Amnon, Haddadin, Ihab, Shneiderman, Ben, Plaisant, Catherine and Slaughter, Laura (2000): Facilitating Data Exploration with Query Previews: A Study of User Performance and Preference. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 19 (6) pp. 393-403
“Networked and local data exploration systems that use command languages, menus, or form fill-in interfaces rarely give users an indication of the distribution of data. This often leads users to waste time, posing queries that have zero-hit or mega-hit results. Query previews are a novel visual approach for browsing databases. Query previews supply users with data distribution information for selected attributes of the database, and give continuous feedback about the size of the result set as the query is being formed. Subsequent refinements might be necessary to narrow the search. As there is a risk that query previews are an additional step, leading to a more complex and slow search process, a within-subjects empirical study was ran with 12 subjects who used interfaces with and without query previews and with minimized network delays. Even with 12 subjects and minimized network delays statistically significant differences were found, showing that query previews could speed up performance 1.6 to 2.1 times and lead to higher user satisfaction.”
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North, Chris and Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Snap-Together Visualization: Can Users Construct and Operate Coordinated Visualizations?. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 53 (5) pp. 715-739
“Multiple coordinated visualizations enable users to rapidly explore complex information. However, users often need unforeseen combinations of coordinated visualizations. Snap-together visualization (Snap) enables users to rapidly and dynamically construct coordinated-visualization interfaces, customized for their data, without programming. Users U001load data into desired visualizations, then construct coordinations between them for brushing and linking, overview and detail view, drill down, etc. Snap formalizes a conceptual model of visualization coordination based on the relational data model. Visualization developers can easily Snap-enable their independent visualizations using a simple API. Empirical evaluation reveals benefits, cognitive issues and usability concerns with coordination concepts and Snap. Two user studies explore coordination construction and operation. Data-savvy users successfully, enthusiastically and rapidly constructed powerful coordinated-visualization interfaces of their own. Operating an overview-and-detail coordination reliably improved user performance by 30-80% over detail-only and uncoordinated interfaces for most tasks.”
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Hochheiser, Harry and Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Performance Benefits of Simultaneous Over Sequential Menus as Task Complexity Increases. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 12 (2) pp. 173-192
“To date, experimental comparisons of menu layouts have concentrated on variants of hierarchical structures of sequentially presented menus. Simultaneous menus-layouts that present multiple active menus on a screen at the same time-are an alternative arrangement that may be useful in many Web design situations. This article describes an experiment involving a between-subject comparison of simultaneous menus and their traditional sequential counterparts. A total of 20 experienced Web users used either simultaneous or sequential menus in a standard Web browser to answer questions based on U.S. Census data. Our results suggest that appropriate use of simultaneous menus can lead to improved task performance speeds without harming subjective satisfaction measures. For novice users performing simple tasks, the simplicity of sequential menus appears to be helpful, but experienced users performing complex tasks may benefit from simultaneous menus. Design improvements can amplify the benefits of simultaneous menu layouts.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Creating Creativity: User Interfaces for Supporting Innovation. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 7 (1) pp. 114-138
“A challenge for human-computer interaction researchers and user interface designers is to construct information technologies that support creativity. This ambitious goal can be attained by building on an adequate understanding of creative processes. This article offers a four-phase framework for creativity that might assist designers in providing effective tools for users: (1) Collect: learn from previous works stored in libraries, the Web, etc.; (2) Relate: consult with peers and mentors at early, middle, and late stages, (3) Create: explore, compose, evaluate possible solutions; and (4) Donate: disseminate the results and contribute to the libraries. Within this integrated framework, this article proposes eight activities that require human-computer interaction research and advanced user interface design. A scenario about an architect illustrates the process of creative work within such an environment.”
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Christian, Kevin, Kules, Bill, Shneiderman, Ben and Youssef, Adel (2000): A Comparison of Voice Controlled and Mouse Controlled Web Browsing. In: Fourth Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 2000. pp. 72-79. Available online
“Voice controlled web browsers allow users to navigate by speaking the text of a link or an associated number instead of clicking with a mouse. One such browser is Conversa, by Conversational Computing. This within subjects study with 18 subjects compared voice browsing with traditional mouse-based browsing. It attempted to identify which of three common hypertext forms (linear slide show, grid/tiled map, and hierarchical menu) are well suited to voice navigation, and whether voice navigation is helped by numbering links. The study shows that voice control adds approximately 50% to the performance time for certain types of tasks. Subjective satisfaction measures indicate that for voice browsing, textual links are preferable to numbered links.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Welcome to the ACM Conference on Universal Usability. In: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM Conference on Universal Usability 2000. p. viii. Available online
Marchionini, Gary, Hert, Carol, Liddy, Liz and Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Extending User Understanding of Federal Statistics in Tables. In: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM Conference on Universal Usability 2000. pp. 132-138. Available online
“This paper describes progress toward improving user interfaces for US Federal government statistics that are presented in tables. Based on studies of user behaviors and needs related to statistical tables, we describe interfaces to assist diverse users with a range of statistical literacy to explore, find, understand, and use US Federal government statistics.”
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Shneiderman, Ben, Feldman, David, Rose, Anne and Grau, Xavier Ferre (2000): Visualizing Digital Library Search Results with Categorical and Hierarchical Axes. In: DL00: Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries 2000. pp. 57-66. Available online
“Digital library search results are usually shown as a textual list, with 10-20 items per page. Viewing several thousand search results at once on a two-dimensional display with continuous variables is a promising alternative. Since these displays can overwhelm some users, we created a simplified two-dimensional display that uses categorical and hierarchical axes, called hieraxes. Users appreciate the meaningful and limited number of terms on each hieraxis. At each grid point of the display we show a cluster of color-coded dots or a bar chart. Users see the entire result set and can then click on labels to move down a level in the hierarchy. Handling broad hierarchies and arranging for imposed hierarchies led to additional design innovations. We applied hieraxes to a digital video library of science topics used by middle school teachers, a legal information system, and a technical library using the ACM Computing Classification System. Feedback from usability testing with 32 subjects revealed strengths and weaknesses.”
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Greene, Stephan, Marchionini, Gary, Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Previews and overviews in digital libraries: Designing surrogates to support visual information seeking. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 51 (4) pp. 380-393
Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Supporting Creativity with Powerful Composition Tools for Artifacts and Performances. In: HICSS 2000 2000. . Available online
Shneiderman, Ben and Kang, Hyunmo (2000): Direct Annotation: A Drag-and-Drop Strategy for Labeling Photos. In: IV 2000 2000. pp. 88-. Available online
North, Chris and Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Snap-Together Visualization: A User Interface for Coodinating Visualizations via Relational Schemata. In: Advanced Visual Interfaces 2000 2000. pp. 128-135.
Marchionini, Gary, Hert, Carol A., Liddy, Liz and Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Extending understanding of federal statistics in tables. In: DG.O 2000 - Proceedings of the 2000 National Conference on Digital Government Research May 15-17, 2000. . Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Universal Usability. In Communications of the ACM, 43 (5) pp. 84-91
Shneiderman, Ben (2000): The limits of speech recognition. In Communications of the ACM, 43 (9) pp. 63-65
Shneiderman, Ben (2000): Designing trust into online experiences. In Communications of the ACM, 43 (12) pp. 57-59
» 1999 «
Card, Stuart K., Mackinlay, Jock D. and Shneiderman, Ben (eds.) (1999): Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think. Academic Press
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Card, Stuart K., Mackinlay, Jock D. and Shneiderman, Ben (1999): Information Visualization. In: Card, Stuart K., Mackinlay, Jock D. and Shneiderman, Ben "Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think". Academic Press pp. 1-35
Card, Stuart K., Mackinlay, Jock D. and Shneiderman, Ben (1999): Applications and Implications. In: Card, Stuart K., Mackinlay, Jock D. and Shneiderman, Ben "Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think". Academic Press pp. 625-640
Plaisant, Catherine, Shneiderman, Ben, Doan, Khoa and Bruns, Tom (1999): Interface and data architecture for query preview in networked information systems. In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 17 (3) pp. 320-341
“There are numerous problems associated with formulating queries on networked information systems. These include increased data volume and complexity, accompanied by slow network access. This article proposes a new approach to a network query user interfaces that consists of two phases: query preview and query refinement. This new approach is based on the concepts of dynamic queries and query previews, which guides users in rapidly and dynamically eliminating undesired records, reducing the data volume to a manageable size, and refining queries locally before submission over a network. Examples of two applications are given: a Restaurant Finder and a prototype for NASA's Earth Observing Systems Data Information Systems (EOSDIS). Data architecture is discussed, and user feedback is presented.”
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Scholtz, Jean, Muller, Michael J., Novick, David G., Olsen, Jr. Dan R., Shneiderman, Ben and Wharton, Cathleen (1999): A Research Agenda for Highly Effective Human-Computer Interaction: Useful, Usable, and Universal. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 31 (4) pp. 13-16
» 1998 «
Shneiderman, Ben (1998): Codex, Memex, Genex: The Pursuit of Transformational Technologies. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 10 (2) pp. 87-106
“Handwritten codexes or printed books transformed society by allowing users to preserve and transmit information. Today, leather-bound volumes and illuminated manuscripts are giving way to animated image maps and hot links. Vannevar Bush's memex has inspired the World Wide Web, which provides users with vast information resources and convenient communications. In looking to the future, we might again transform society by building genexes -- generators of excellence. Such inspirational environments would empower personal and collaborative creativity by enabling users to: * Collect information from an existing domain of knowledge. * Create innovations using advanced tools. * Consult with peers or mentors in the field. * Disseminate the results widely. This article describes how a framework for an integrated set of software tools might support this 4-phase model of creativity in science, medicine, the arts, and beyond. Current initiatives are positive and encouraging, but they do not work in an integrated fashion, often miss vital components, and are frequently poorly designed. A well-conceived and clearly stated framework could guide design efforts, coordinate planning, and speed development.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (1998): Visualizing Personal Histories. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 30 (1) pp. 34-35
Card, Stuart K., Mackinlay, Jock D. and Shneiderman, Ben (eds.) (1998): Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
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Shneiderman, Ben, Byrd, Donald and Croft, W. Bruce (1998): Sorting Out Searching: A User-Interface Framework for Text Searches. In Communications of the ACM, 41 (4) pp. 95-98
» 1997 «
Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. (3rd ed.). Boston, MA, Addison-Wesley Publishing
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Shneiderman, Ben and Maes, Pattie (1997): Direct Manipulation vs Interface Agents. In Interactions, 4 (6) pp. 42-61
Kandogan, Eser and Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Elastic Windows: Evaluation of Multi-Window Operations. In: Pemberton, Steven (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 97 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 22-27, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 250-257. Available online
“Most windowing systems follow the independent overlapping windows approach, which emerged as an answer to the needs of the 1980s' technology. Due to advances in computers and display technology, and increased information needs, modern users demand more functionality from window management systems. We proposed Elastic Windows with improved spatial layout and rapid multi-window operations as an alternative to current window management strategies for efficient personal role management [12]. In this approach, multi-window operations are achieved by issuing operations on window groups hierarchically organized in a space-filling tiled layout. This paper describes the Elastic Windows interface briefly and then presents a study comparing user performance with Elastic Windows and traditional window management techniques for 2, 6, and 12 window situations. Elastic Windows users had statistically significantly faster performance for all 6 and 12 window situations, for task environment setup, task environment switching, and task execution. For some tasks there was a ten-fold speed-up in performance. These results suggest promising possibilities for multiple window operations and hierarchical nesting, which can be applied to the next generation of tiled as well as overlapped window managers.”
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Kandogan, Eser and Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Elastic Windows: A Hierarchical Multi-Window World-Wide Web Browser. In: Robertson, George G. and Schmandt, Chris (eds.) Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology October 14 - 17, 1997, Banff, Alberta, Canada. pp. 169-177. Available online
“The World-Wide Web is becoming an invaluable source for the information needs of many users. However, current browsers are still primitive, in that they do not support many of the navigation needs of users, as indicated by user studies. They do not provide an overview and a sense of location in the information structure being browsed. Also they do not facilitate organization and filtering of information nor aid users in accessing already visited pages without high cognitive demands. In this paper, a new browsing interface is proposed with multiple hierarchical windows and efficient multiple window operations. It provides a flexible environment where users can quickly organize, filter, and restructure the information on the screen as they reformulate their goals. Overviews can give the user a sense of location in the browsing history as well as provide fast access to a hierarchy of pages.”
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Kumar, Harsha P., Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Browsing Hierarchical Data with Multi-Level Dynamic Queries and Pruning. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 46 (1) pp. 103-124
“Users often must browse hierarchies with thousands of nodes in search of those that best match their information needs. The PDQ Tree-browser (Pruning with Dynamic Queries) visualization tool was specified, designed and developed for this purpose. This tool presents trees in two tightly-coupled views, one a detailed view and the other an overview. Users can use dynamic queries, a method for rapidly filtering data, to filter nodes at each level of the tree. The dynamic query panels are user-customizable. Sub-trees of unselected nodes are pruned out, leading to compact views of relevant nodes. Usability testing of the PDQ Tree-browser, done with eight subjects, helped assess strengths and identify possible improvements. The PDQ Tree-browser was used in Network Management (600 nodes) and UniversityFinder (1100 nodes) applications. A controlled experiment, with 24 subjects, showed that pruning significantly improved performance speed and subjective user satisfaction. Future research directions are suggested.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Designing Information-Abundant Web Sites: Issues and Recommendations. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 47 (1) pp. 5-29
“"Gradually I began to feel that we were growing something almost organic in a new kind of reality, in cyberspace, growing it out of information...a pulsing tree of data that I loved to climb around in, scanning for new growth." (Mickey Hart, Drumming at the Edge of Magic: A Journey into the Spirit of Percussion, 1990) "Look at every path closely and deliberately. Try it as many times as you think necessary. Then ask yourself, and yourself alone, one question... Does this path have a heart? If it does, the path is good; if it doesn't it is of no use." (Carlos Castaneda The Teachings of Don Juan) The abundance of information on the World Wide Web has thrilled some, but frightened others. Improved web site design may increase users' successful experiences and positive attitudes. This review of design issues identifies genres of web sites, goals of designers, communities of users and a spectrum of tasks. Then an Objects/Actions Interface Model is offered as a way to think about designing and evaluating web sites. Finally, search and navigation improvements are described to bring consistency, comprehensibility and user control.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Direct Manipulation for Comprehensible, Predictable and Controllable User Interfaces. In: Moore, Johanna D., Edmonds, Ernest and Puerta, Angel R. (eds.) International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces 1997 January 6-9, 1997, Orlando, Florida, USA. pp. 33-39. Available online
“Direct manipulation user interfaces have proven their worth over two decades, but they are still in their youth. Dramatic opportunities exist to develop direct manipulation programming to create end-user programming tools, dynamic queries to perform information search in large databases, and information visualization to support network database browsing. Direct manipulation depends on visual representation of the objects and actions of interest, physical actions or pointing instead of complex syntax, and rapid incremental reversible operations whose effect on the object of interest is immediately visible. This strategy can lead to user interfaces that are comprehensible, predictable and controllable. Direct manipulation interfaces are seen as more likely candidates to influence advanced user interfaces than adaptive, autonomous, intelligent agents. User control and responsibility are highly desirable. Note: This paper is adapted, with permission of the publisher, from the forthcoming book: Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (3rd Edition), Addison Wesley, Reading, MA (1997).”
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Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. Addison-Wesley Publishing
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Scarlatos, Lori L., Darken, Rudolph P., Harada, Komei, Heeter, Carrie, Muller, Richard and Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Designing Interactive Multimedia (Panel). In: ACM Multimedia 1997 1997. pp. 215-218. Available online
Tanin, Egemen, Beigel, Richard and Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Design and Evaluation of Incremental Data Structures and Algorithms for Dynamic Query Interfaces. In: InfoVis 1997 - IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization October 18-25, 1997, Phoenix, AZ, USA. pp. 81-86. Available online
Shneiderman, Ben (1997): Between Hope and Fear. In Communications of the ACM, 40 (2) pp. 59-62
» 1996 «
Plaisant, Catherine, Milash, Brett, Rose, Anne, Widoff, Seth and Shneiderman, Ben (1996): LifeLines: Visualizing Personal Histories. In: Tauber, Michael J., Bellotti, Victoria, Jeffries, Robin, Mackinlay, Jock D. and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 96 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 14-18, 1996, Vancouver, Canada. pp. 221-227. Available online
“LifeLines provide a general visualization environment for personal histories that can be applied to medical and court records, professional histories and other types of biographical data. A one screen overview shows multiple facets of the records. Aspects, for example medical conditions or legal cases, are displayed as individual time lines, while icons indicate discrete events, such as physician consultations or legal reviews. Line color and thickness illustrate relationships or significance, rescaling tools and filters allow users to focus on part of the information. LifeLines reduce the chances of missing information, facilitate spotting anomalies and trends, streamline access to details, while remaining tailorable and easily transferable between applications. The paper describes the use of LifeLines for youth records of the Maryland Department of Juvenile Justice and also for medical records. User's feedback was collected using a Visual Basic prototype for the youth record.”
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Joyce, Michael, Kolker, Robert, Moulthrop, Stuart, Shneiderman, Ben and Unsworth, John Merritt (1996): Visual Metaphor and the Problem of Complexity in the Design of Web Sites: Techniques for Generating, Recognizing and Visualizing Structure. In: Hypertext 96 - Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Hypertext March 16-20, 1996, Washington, DC. p. 257. Available online
“The notion of cyberspace having no "there" has outlived its usefulness for mystification and titillation. In fact, the Internet, and the World Wide Web in particular, are quite "there," and in very concrete ways. Ignoring this concreteness may be a way of evading responsibility for conceptualizing how the Web can be used for serious and complex purposes. Our panel will consider alternatives to conventional ideas and structures and submit that the design of Web sites does not have to be limited to simple advertising vehicles or to equally simple institutional show and tell screens. We want to suggest that complexity and imagination ought not be limited by the constraints of HTML, bandwidth, or conventional wisdom, but freed by larger, more thoughtful notions of the possibilities of user interaction and hypertextuality. Proposed for discussion will be theories of metaphor through which design becomes a way of thinking about various structures and the connections between them.”
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Harvey, Francis, Gross, Ben, Agre, Philip E. and Shneiderman, Ben (1996): The Durango Declarations Forum. In The Information Society, 12 (1)
Shneiderman, Ben (1996): The Eyes Have It: A Task by Data Type Taxonomy for Information Visualizations. In: VL 1996 1996. pp. 336-343.
Kandogan, Eser and Shneiderman, Ben (1996): Elastic windows: improved spatial layout and rapid multiple window operations. In: Catarci, Tiziana, Costabile, Maria Francesca, Levialdi, Stefano and Santucci, Giuseppe (eds.) AVI 1996 - Proceedings of the workshop on Advanced visual interfaces May 27-29, 1996, Gubbio, Italy. pp. 29-38. Available online
» 1995 «
Shneiderman, Ben (1995): Looking for the Bright Side of User Interface Agents. In Interactions, 2 (1) pp. 13-15
“User interface agents offer exciting new opportunities, but progress would be greater if goals and terms were clarified.”
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Rose, Anne, Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine (1995): An Applied Ethnographic Method for Redesigning User Interfaces. In: Proceedings of DIS95: Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, & Techniques 1995. pp. 115-122.
“Methods for observing software users in the workplace will become increasingly important as the number of people using computers grows and developers improve existing systems. Successful redesigns rely, in part, on complete and accurate evaluations of the existing systems. Based on our evaluation experience, we have derived a set of practical guidelines to be used by designers in preparing for the evaluation, performing the field study, analyzing the data, and reporting the findings. By providing a general framework based on ethnographic research, we hope to reduce the likelihood of some common problems, such as overlooking important information and misinterpreting observations. Examples from our ongoing work with the Maryland Department of Juvenile Justice are used to illustrate the proposed guidelines.”
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Guzdial, Mark, Kafai, Yasmin B., Carroll, John M., Fischer, Gerhard, Schank, Roger, Soloway, Elliot and Shneiderman, Ben (1995): Learner-Centered System Design: HCI Perspective for the Future. In: Proceedings of DIS95: Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, & Techniques 1995. pp. 143-147.
“User-centered system design (Norman & Draper, 1986) taught the HCI community to address users and their needs, but the community has learned that the needs of users are not a constant. Learner-centered design draws attention to the changing needs of users (both students and professionals) as they gain expertise and how these changes need to be reflected in the interface. The panelists will help in defining how interface design must be tailored to support users as learners with case studies of their experiences in designing adaptive and adaptable interfaces for learners.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (1995): The Info Superhighway: For the People. In Communications of the ACM, 38 (1) p. 162
Shneiderman, Ben, Alavi, Maryam, Norman, Kent L. and Borkowski, Ellen Yu (1995): Windows of Opportunity in Electronic Classrooms. In Communications of the ACM, 38 (11) pp. 19-24
» 1994 «
Ahlberg, Christopher and Shneiderman, Ben (1994): Visual Information Seeking: Tight Coupling of Dynamic Query Filters with Starfield Displays. In: Adelson, Beth, Dumais, Susan and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 94 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 313-317. Available online
“This paper offers new principles for visual information seeking (VIS). A key concept is to support browsing, which is distinguished from familiar query composition and information retrieval because of its emphasis on rapid filtering to reduce result sets, progressive refinement of search parameters, continuous reformulation of goals, and visual scanning to identify results. VIS principles developed include: dynamic query filters (query parameters rapidly adjusted with sliders, buttons, maps, etc.), starfield displays (two-dimensional scatterplots to structure result sets and zooming to reduce clutter), and tight coupling (interrelating query components to preserve display invariants and support progressive refinement combined with an emphasis on using search output to foster search input). A FilmFinder prototype using a movie database demonstrates these principles in a VIS environment.”
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Ahlberg, Christopher and Shneiderman, Ben (1994): The Alphaslider: A Compact and Rapid Selector. In: Adelson, Beth, Dumais, Susan and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 94 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 365-371. Available online
“Research has suggested that rapid, serial, visual presentation of text (RSVP) may be an effective way to scan and search through lists of text strings in search of words, names, etc. The Alphaslider widget employs RSVP as a method for rapidly scanning and searching lists or menus in a graphical user interface environment. The Alphaslider only uses an area less than 7 cm x 2.5 cm. The tiny size of the Alphaslider allows it to be placed on a credit card, on a control panel for a VCR, or as a widget in a direct manipulation based database interface. An experiment was conducted with four Alphaslider designs which showed that novice Alphaslider users could locate one item in a list of 10,000 film titles in 24 seconds on average, an expert user in about 13 seconds.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (1994): "Sparks of Innovation in Human-Computer Interaction," edited by Ben Shneiderman. In Interactions, 1 (1) pp. 67-71
“Supporting the Process of Innovation: The Maryland Way. Innovation is a mysterious process. As a university community we have been repeatedly, but not consistently, successful in research and practical design. However, I still don't know how to predict when and where innovation will appear.”
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Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine (1994): The Future of Graphic User Interfaces: Personal Role Managers. In: Cockton, Gilbert, Draper, Steven and Weir, George R. S. (eds.) Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers IX August 23-26, 1994, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. pp. 3-8.
“Personal computer users typically manage hundreds of directories and thousands of files with hierarchically structured file managers, plus archaic cluttered-desktop window managers, and iconic representations of applications. These users must deal with the annoying overhead of window housekeeping and the greater burden of mapping their organizational roles onto the unnecessarily rigid hierarchy. An alternate approach is presented, Personal Role Manager (PRM), to structure the screen layout and the interface tools to better match the multiple roles that individuals have in an organization. Each role has a vision statement, schedule, hierarchy of tasks, set of people, and collection of documents.”
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Sears, Andrew and Shneiderman, Ben (1994): Split Menus: Effectively Using Selection Frequency to Organize Menus. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 1 (1) pp. 27-51
“When some items in a menu are selected more frequently than others, as is often the case, designers or individual users may be able to speed performance and improve preference ratings by placing several high-frequency items at the top of the menu. Design guidelines for split menus were developed and applied. Split menus were implemented and tested in two in situ usability studies and a controlled experiment. In the usability studies performance times were reduced by 17 to 58% depending on the site and menus. In the controlled experiment split menus were significantly faster than alphabetic menus and yielded significantly higher subjective preferences. A possible resolution to the continuing debate among cognitive theorists about predicting menu selection times is offered. We conjecture and offer evidence that, at least when selecting items from pull-down menus, a logarithmic model applies to familiar (high-frequency) items, and a linear model to unfamiliar (low-frequency) items.”
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Chimera, Richard and Shneiderman, Ben (1994): An Exploratory Evaluation of Three Interfaces for Browsing Large Hierarchical Tables of Contents. In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 12 (4) pp. 383-406
“Three different interfaces were used to browse a large (1296 items) table of contents. A fully expanded stable interface, expand/contract interface, and multipane interface were studied in a between-groups experiment with 41 novice participants. Nine timed fact retrieval tasks were performed; each task is analyzed and discussed separately. We found that both the expand/contract and multipane interfaces produced significantly faster times than the stable interface for many tasks using this large hierarchy; other advantages of the expand/contract and multipane interfaces over the stable interface are discussed. The animation characteristics of the expand/contract interface appear to play a major role. Refinements to the multipane and expand/contract interfaces are suggested. A predictive model for measuring navigation effort of each interface is presented.”
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Shneiderman, Ben, Badre, Albert N. and Santos, Paulo (1994): AVI '94. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 26 (4) pp. 54-55
Shneiderman, Ben (1994): The Future of Graphic User Interfaces. In: Bergeron, R. Daniel and Kaufman, Arie E. (eds.) VIS 1994 - Proceedings IEEE Visualization 1994 October 17-21, 1994, Washington, DC, USA. p. 7.
Jain, Vinit and Shneiderman, Ben (1994): Data Structures for Dynamic Queries: An Analytical and Experimental Evaluation. In: Advanced Visual Interfaces 1994 1994. pp. 1-11. Available online
Rivlin, Ehud, Botafogo, Rodrigo A. and Shneiderman, Ben (1994): Navigating in Hyperspace: Designing a Structure-Based Toolbox. In Communications of the ACM, 37 (2) pp. 87-96
» 1993 «
Sears, Andrew, Revis, Doreen, Swatski, Janet, Crittenden, Rob and Shneiderman, Ben (1993): Investigating Touchscreen Typing: The Effect of Keyboard Size on Typing Speed. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 12 (1) pp. 17-22
“Two studies investigated the effect keyboard size has on typing speed and error rates for touchscreen keyboards using the lift-off strategy. A cursor appeared when users touched the screen and a key was selected when they lifted their finger from the screen. Four keyboard sizes were investigated ranging from 24.6cm to 6.8cm wide. Results indicate that novices can type approximately 10 words per minute (WPM) on the smallest keyboard and 20 WPM on the largest. Experienced users improved to 21 WPM on the smallest keyboard and 32 WPM on the largest. These results indicate that, although slower, small touchscreen keyboards can be used for limited data entry when the presence of a regular keyboard is not practical. Applications include portable pocket-sized or palmtop computers, messaging systems, and personal information resources. Results also suggest the increased importance of experience on these smaller keyboards. Research directions are suggested.”
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Shneiderman, Ben and Lewis, Clayton H. (1993): Building HCI Partnerships and Infrastructure. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 12 (2) pp. 130-135
“As policymakers and technology planners respond to the growing activity in human-computer interaction, a broad perspective may be helpful. This article offers a top-down view of current activities and suggests opportunities and challenges for the continued growth of HCI. Partnerships among universities, corporations, government agencies, and professional societies are proposed. Infrastructure needs to support this new discipline are outlined.”
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Karl, Lewis R., Pettey, Michael and Shneiderman, Ben (1993): Speech versus Mouse Commands for Word Processing: An Empirical Evaluation. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 39 (4) pp. 667-687
“Despite advances in speech technology, human factors research since the late 1970s has provided only weak evidence that automatic speech recognition devices are superior to conventional input devices such as keyboards and mice. However, recent studies indicate that there may be advantages to providing an additional input channel based on speech input to supplement the more common input modes. Recently the authors conducted an experiment to demonstrate the advantages of using speech-activated commands over mouse-activated commands for word processing applications when, in both cases, the keyboard is used for text entry and the mouse for direct manipulation. Sixteen experimental subjects, all professionals and all but one novice users of speech input, performed four simple word processing tasks using both input groups in this counterbalanced experiment. Performance times for all tasks were significantly faster when using speech to activate commands as opposed to using the mouse. On average,”
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Shneiderman, Ben (ed.) (1993): Sparks of Innovation in Human-Computer Interaction. Norwood, NJ, Intellect
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Young, Degi and Shneiderman, Ben (1993): A Graphical Filter/Flow Representation of Boolean Queries: A Prototype Implementation and Evaluation. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 44 (6) pp. 327-339
» 1992 «
Don, Abbe, Brennan, Susan, Laurel, Brenda K. and Shneiderman, Ben (1992): Anthropomorphism: From Eliza to Terminator 2. In: Bauersfeld, Penny, Bennett, John and Lynch, Gene (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 92 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference June 3-7, 1992, Monterey, California. pp. 67-70. Available online
Ahlberg, Christopher, Williamson, Christopher and Shneiderman, Ben (1992): Dynamic Queries for Information Exploration: An Implementation and Evaluation. In: Bauersfeld, Penny, Bennett, John and Lynch, Gene (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 92 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference June 3-7, 1992, Monterey, California. pp. 619-626. Available online
“We designed, implemented and evaluated a new concept for direct manipulation of databases, called dynamic queries, that allows users to formulate queries with graphical widgets, such as sliders. By providing a graphical visualization of the database and search results, users can find trends and exceptions easily. Eighteen undergraduate chemistry students performed statistically significantly faster using a dynamic queries interface compared to two interfaces both providing form fill-in as input method, one with graphical visualization output and one with all-textual output. The interfaces were used to explore the periodic table of elements and search on their properties.”
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Shneiderman, Ben, Williamson, Christopher and Ahlberg, Christopher (1992): Dynamic Queries: Database Searching by Direct Manipulation. In: Bauersfeld, Penny, Bennett, John and Lynch, Gene (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 92 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference June 3-7, 1992, Monterey, California. pp. 669-670. Available online
Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (1992): Scheduling Home Control Devices: Design Issues and Usability Evaluation of Four Touchscreen Interfaces. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 36 (3) pp. 375-393
“This article describes four different user interfaces supporting scheduling two-state (ON/OFF) devices over time periods ranging from minutes to days. The touchscreen-based user interfaces including a digital 12-h clock, 24-h linear and 24-h dial prototypes are described and compared on a feature by feature basis. A formative usability test with 14 subjects, feedback from more than 30 reviewers, and the flexibility to add functions favour the 24-h linear version.”
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Botafogo, Rodrigo A., Rivlin, Ehud and Shneiderman, Ben (1992): Structural Analysis of Hypertexts: Identifying Hierarchies and Useful Metrics. In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 10 (2) pp. 142-180
“Hypertext users often suffer from the "lost in hyperspace" problem: disorientation from too many jumps while traversing a complex network. One solution to this problem is improved authoring to create more comprehensible structures. This paper proposes several authoring tools, based on hypertext structure analysis. In many hypertext systems authors are encouraged to create hierarchical structures, but when writing, the hierarchy is lost because of the inclusion of cross-reference links. The first part of this paper looks at ways of recovering lost hierarchies and finding new ones, offering authors different views of the same hypertext. The second part helps authors by identifying properties of the hypertext document. Multiple metrics are developed including compactness and stratum. Compactness indicates the intrinsic connectedness of the hypertext, and stratum reveals to what degree the hypertext is organized so that some nodes must be read before others. Several existing hypertexts are used to illustrate the benefits of each technique. The collection of techniques provides a multifaceted view of the hypertext, which should allow authors to reduce undesired structural complexity and create documents that readers can traverse more easily.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (1992): Tree Visualization with Tree-Maps: a 2-D Space-Filling Approach. In ACM Transactions on Graphics, 11 (1) pp. 92-99
“Summary: This paper presents a novel approach to representing trees that have weights or sizes on the leaf nodes. The 2-d visualization is space filling and the recursive algorithm for generation runs rapidly. It depends on color coding (or shading) of regions and easily provides users with a quick overview that clearly indicates relative sizes of the leaf nodes.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (1992): Socially Responsible Computing I: A Call to Action Following the L.A. Riots. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 24 (3) pp. 14-15
Shneiderman, Ben (1992): Socially Responsible Computing II: First Steps on the Path to Positive Contributions. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 24 (3) pp. 16-17
Williamson, Christopher and Shneiderman, Ben (1992): The Dynamic HomeFinder: Evaluating Dynamic Queries in a Real-Estate Information Exploration System. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval 1992. pp. 338-346. Available online
“We designed, implemented, and evaluated a new concept for visualizing and searching databases utilizing direct manipulation called dynamic queries. Dynamic queries allow users to formulate queries by adjusting graphical widgets, such as sliders, and see the results immediately. By providing a graphical visualization of the database and search results, users can find trends and exceptions easily. User testing was done with eighteen undergraduate students who performed significantly faster using a dynamic queries interface compared to both a natural language system and paper printouts. The interfaces were used to explore a real-estate database and find homes meeting specific search criteria.”
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Shneiderman, Ben (1992): Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (Second Edition). Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley Publishing
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» 1991 «
Myers, Brad A., Cypher, Allen, Maulsby, David, Smith, David Canfield and Shneiderman, Ben (1991): Demonstrational Interfaces: Coming Soon?. In: Robertson, Scott P., Olson, Gary M. and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 91 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 28 - June 5, 1991, New Orleans, Louisiana. pp. 393-396. Available online
“A "demonstrational interface" watches while the user executes conventional direct manipulation actions, creating a general abstraction from the specific examples. The panel will discuss how demonstrational interfaces can be used, and when and whether they will become more common.”
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Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben (1991): Scheduling ON-OFF Home Control Devices. In: Robertson, Scott P., Olson, Gary M. and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 91 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 28 - June 5, 1991, New Orleans, Louisiana. pp. 459-460. Available online
Zweben, Stu, Curtis, Bill and Shneiderman, Ben (1991): The Best of ESP. In: Koenemann-Belliveau, Jurgen, Moher, Thomas G. and Robertson, Scott P. (eds.) Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Empirical Studies of Programmers 1991, Norwood, New Jersey, USA. pp. 1-2.
Botafogo, Rodrigo A. and Shneiderman, Ben (1991): Identifying Aggregates in Hypertext Structures. In: Walker, Jan (ed.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 91 Conference December 15-18, 1991, San Antonio, Texas. pp. 63-74. Available online
“Hypertext systems are being used in many applications because of their flexible structure and the great browsing freedom they give to diverse communities of users. However, this same freedom and flexibility is the cause of one of its main problem: the "lost in hyperspace" problem. One reason for the complexity of hypertext databases is the large number of nodes and links that compose them. To simplify this structure we propose that nodes and links be clustered forming more abstract structures. An abstraction is the concealment of all but relevant properties from an object or concept. One type of abstraction is called an aggregate. An aggregate is a set of distinct concepts that taken together form a more abstract concept. For example, two legs, a trunk, two arms and a head can be aggregate together in a single higher level object called a "body." In this paper we will study the hypertext structure, i.e., the way nodes are linked to each other in order to find aggregates in hypertext databases. Two graph theoretical algorithms will be used: biconnected components and strongly connected components.”
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Sears, Andrew and Shneiderman, Ben (1991): High Precision Touchscreens: Design Strategies and Comparisons with a Mouse. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34 (4) pp. 593-613
