Contextual Interviews

Your constantly-updated definition of Contextual Interviews and collection of videos and articles

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What are Contextual Interviews?

A contextual interview, or contextual inquiry, is a user research method specifically designed to provide insight into the environment or context in which a design will be used. A contextual interview session typically consists of a mix between a traditional user interview and observations of how the research participants use a product or service in the relevant context.

Contextual interviews were originally developed to research how complex systems were used in the context of work; however, they have since become used more generally for understanding how people use technology in certain contexts. A contextual interview starts with a one-on-one user interview, followed up with an observation session where the interviewer observes how the research participant uses the product or service. The participant is treated as an expert on how to use the product, and is sometimes asked to explain how to interact with it as though explaining it to a novice user. Thus, as the designer’s role “reverses” so as to examine how well a user has grasped the design’s intricacies, issues arising during the interview can also flag problem areas and instances of appropriation (where users find adjunct or unexpected uses for the piece in question).

Contextual interviews are particularly beneficial in that it enables the interviewer to gather information in the moment and context of use—especially advantageous when researching complex systems or work processes. They can help bridge insight gaps from the designer’s viewpoint, expose shortcomings in design considerations, and ultimately optimize the overall design of a product.

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Literature on Contextual Interviews

Here’s the entire UX literature on Contextual Interviews by the Interaction Design Foundation, collated in one place:

Contextual Interviews and How to Handle Them

The exact history of the contextual interview in user research is a little murky. It was first alluded to in a paper by Whiteside, Bennet and Holtzblatt in 1988 which examined the use of qualitative research in design projects. However, the first complete description of the method was almost certainly proposed in 1990 by Wixon, Holtzblatt and Knox in 1990 though Holtzblatt and Beyer’s description in 1995 is considered to be the most complete.

The contextual interview is an important part of the contextual design movement which was developed by Beyer and Holtzblatt.

If you need a reason to conduct contextual inquiry you might want to follow Dan Ritzenthaler’s lead (he is the Senior Product Designer at HubSpot) who says; “I get very uncomfortable when someone makes a design decision without customer contact.”

Author/Copyright holder: Petar Milošević. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

By seeing what users do in context, it is easier to see how our products are really used. This is particularly important in age of mobile internet where context can be so varied.

The Four Principles of Contextual Inquiry

Contextual interviews are based on four guiding principles:

Context – as you might expect, the interview must take place in the context of use. Typically this has been in a workplace or home environment but with the advent of mobile internet – contextual interviews may now take place in a wider range of settings and scenarios. The research observes the use of the product and talks to the user about what has happened in the observed session. They may also explore previous interactions which are not observed at the time.
Partnership – there is a need for the user and researcher to form a collaborative partnership to understand what the user is doing and why. In general a contextual interview will shift from observing to discussing what happened in rapid shifts throughout the interview.
Mutual interpretation – the researcher will explain their conclusions and interpretations with the user throughout the interview. The user is free to correct or expand on the researchers interpretations.
Focus – the researcher must keep the interview focused on the topics which need to be explored to provide useful data for the improvement project’s scope. They may ask the user to perform specific tasks if they are to be examined specifically in the project brief.

Author/Copyright holder: D Coetzee . Copyright terms and licence: Public Domain.

“Mutual Interpretation” may sound complicated but really, it’s all about having an honest conversation to determine exactly what each person means.

Preparing for a Contextual Interview

The research team needs to adequately prepare for a contextual interview and determine what they will examine with the users and how this will be done.

This should be distilled into a research brief which the researcher can use throughout the contextual interview.

The user should also be prepared for the interview. In particular, it is important to reassure the user that they are not under the microscope and are not being tested but rather that the product is being tested with them carrying out the tests. It is important that the user is not made to feel pressured as this can result in users telling researchers what they think the researcher wants to hear rather than their own truthful experiences.

The Structure of a Contextual Interview

There are three phases to the contextual interview when it is carried out with the user:

Introduction – this is the part of the interview where the interviewer and user establish trust and communication. The researcher will introduce themselves, the purpose of the research and any other relevant information. They may ask if the interview can be recorded and when recording should stop/start. They will usually offer assurances regarding confidentiality of the user’s data and permission to use the data anonymously as part of high-level overviews for the research’s findings. They may also establish what tasks will be carried out and how the format of the interview will take place.
The Main Body – this is where the researcher focuses on their outline planning and observes the user working with the product. They discuss what is seen. Take notes and (if applicable) make recordings (video).
The Wrap Up – this phase involves the research retelling their observations and conclusions to the user and allowing the user to have input into clearing up any misconceptions or to enlarge on important points.

The three phases of the interview do not need to be specifically identified by the researcher to the user and can flow naturally together.

For contextual research to yield the best results, you want to work with users who are actually carrying out the tasks you want to examine on a regular or semi-regular basis.

Author/Copyright holder: James Royal-Lawson. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

UX interviews aren’t tough to carry out. They’re done in the spirit of improving products. The best interviews are likely to be those in which the researcher and user gel personally and professionally.

The Advantages of Contextual Interviewing

There are good reasons to use contextual interviewing in your research including:

The ability to reveal information and understanding that users might not be aware of
The veracity of information – observing users in their natural environment tends to lead to very accurate information
The detail of the information – this kind of study produces highly detailed information as opposed to many other qualitative methods which produce more high-level information
The flexibility of the method – contextual research can be carried out wherever a user operates

Author/Copyright holder: Tomwsulcer. Copyright terms and licence: Public Domain.

It should be pretty easy to see how contextual interviewing fits in with the larger scope of delivering customer satisfaction too.

The Drawbacks of Contextual Interviewing

There are also certain drawbacks to this kind of work including:

Time and resource intensive. Visiting a user and conducting in depth observations takes more time than many other research methods and as such can be more costly too.
It is a qualitative technique. Care must be taken when interpreting data from studies like this – it is often going to be true that you will not be able to afford to make this research “statistically significant” because of the effort required to run such a study. You may need to run other forms of research to determine the impact of issues identified in contextual research on the user population as a whole.

The Take Away

Contextual interviewing offers deep insight into how users actually use a product. It’s a very effective research technique which can be deployed at any stage of UX research. However, it’s important to understand the limitations of contextual interviewing before making any decisions based on the results of such research.

Resources

UX Matters explores why contextual inquiry can be challenging to deliver - http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2012/06/why-are-contextual-inquiries-so-difficult.php

Usability.gov explores the essentials of contextual interviewing here - http://www.usability.gov/how-to-and-tools/methods/contextual-interview.html

Hero Image: Author/Copyright holder: Victorgrigas. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

Learn more about Contextual Interviews

Take a deep dive into Contextual Interviews with our course User Research – Methods and Best Practices .

How do you plan to design a product or service that your users will love, if you don't know what they want in the first place? As a user experience designer, you shouldn't leave it to chance to design something outstanding; you should make the effort to understand your users and build on that knowledge from the outset. User research is the way to do this, and it can therefore be thought of as the largest part of user experience design.

In fact, user research is often the first step of a UX design process—after all, you cannot begin to design a product or service without first understanding what your users want! As you gain the skills required, and learn about the best practices in user research, you’ll get first-hand knowledge of your users and be able to design the optimal product—one that’s truly relevant for your users and, subsequently, outperforms your competitors’.

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