The value proposition canvas is a tool businesses and designers use to analyze, evaluate and adjust the value proposition of their product or service to align with their customers' requirements. Businesses support their canvases with research, which informs product and service development, improvement and strategy.
In this video, Frank Spillers, CEO of Experience Dynamics, explains what the value proposition canvas is:
Alex Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur and Alan Smith created the value proposition canvas to help companies and teams effectively design, test and build their value propositions to customers.
The goal of the Value Proposition Canvas is to assist you in designing great Value Propositions that match your Customer's needs and jobs-to-be-done and helps them solve their problems. This is what the start-up scene calls product-market fit or problem-solution fit. The Value Proposition Canvas helps you work towards this fit in a more systematic way.
— Alex Osterwalder, co-founder and CEO of Strategyzer
The value proposition canvas is an extension of the business model canvas. The business model canvas maps out a product’s or business's:
Key partners: The people who are crucial to perform key activities and use resources effectively.
Key activities: Essential daily actions that maintain the value proposition and business operations.
Key resources: Essential tools and resources across all areas, including customer retention.
Value proposition: The product or service that aims to create value for the customers.
Customer relationships: Strategies for customer acquisition, retention and upselling.
Customer segments: Key customer groups, like seniors, parents, students, etc.
Channels: The distribution method(s) for the service or product.
Cost structure: The main cost drivers and return on investment (ROI) evaluation.
Revenue streams: The sources of income, like advertising.
Sustainability: The evaluation of the product’s or service’s impact on the environment and society.
The business model canvas is a tool that helps companies and designers understand the requirements needed to create and deliver a product or service. This template includes sustainability as an additional consideration.
© Strategyzer AG, modified: CC-BY-SA-3.0
The value proposition canvas takes the value proposition and customer segments boxes of the business model canvas and examines them in more detail. This detail enables businesses and designers to define better customer value propositions. A value proposition is a statement or short paragraph that:
Clearly describes what a service, business or organization offers.
Who benefits from it.
Why it is beneficial to those people.
Value propositions typically follow this format:
Our “product/service” help(s) “customer segment“ who want to “customer’s jobs to do/problems to solve“ by “your verb“ and “your verb, “unlike “competing value proposition.“
For example, Amazon’s value proposition for customers might be:
Our online marketplace helps shoppers who want to purchase goods online by offering a vast selection of products and a convenient shopping experience, unlike traditional retail experiences or smaller online platforms.
The value proposition canvas consists of two sections and six components. The customer segment on the right includes customer jobs, pains and gains. The value map on the left consists of products and services, pain relievers and gain creators.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
The value proposition canvas is primarily a business strategy tool. However, it is a valuable tool for service design, user experience (UX) design and other design disciplines. The canvas helps designers create products and experiences that align with the users' needs, pains and gains.
Designers may create a value proposition canvas themselves, take part in canvas workshops or reference a canvas as part of a business’s internal documentation.
The canvas benefits the design process in the following ways:
Aids design iteration: It grounds ideation and design in the core value proposition. The canvas encourages designers to test and refine based on actual user feedback. This approach leads to products that align with customer needs.
Validates value propositions: It can indicate whether the initial value proposition fits with the target customers.
Enhances team collaboration: It acts as a shared guide for designers, product managers and marketers. The canvas improves communication and enables all stakeholders to pursue the same user-centric goals.
Centers on user needs: It focuses on understanding customer needs deeply. This approach aligns designs with what users truly want.
Guides feature development: It helps identify which features and elements are most valued by customers.
Boosts efficiency: It identifies mismatches between user expectations and product offerings early. Designers who use the canvas can save time and resources on less impactful features.
Designers create and use the value proposition canvas at different stages throughout the design process.
First, designers use the value proposition canvas in the initial research phase to gain a deep understanding of their target audience’s needs, desires and pain points. They then use this canvas to help them conceptualize solutions. This approach ensures new product ideas or service concepts align closely with customer requirements.
Designers continue to use the canvas during the iteration of a product. The canvas helps them identify areas for improvement based on feedback or changing market demands. Finally, designers use the canvas before production or development begins. At this stage, the canvas validates that the proposed solution resonates with the intended audience.
The value proposition canvas consists of two main sections. Each section contains three components that help designers understand customers and create value propositions that meet their needs.
Designers and businesses use the customer segment to record their assumptions about their customers. They state how they believe their products solve customer needs. Then, they test these assumptions to confirm if they are true or false. The purpose of the customer segment is not to design an ideal customer but to understand real customers.
The customer segment consists of the jobs a customer needs to complete, the pains they want to avoid and the gains they want to receive. This section of the value proposition canvas allows designers to focus on the customer or user separate from the product.
For example, if the Interaction Design Foundation (IxDF) created a value proposition canvas, the customer segment would not focus on someone who wants an IxDF membership. Instead, the customer segment might concentrate on a design professional who wants to learn new design skills.
Designers and businesses often create multiple value proposition canvases for different types of customers. In the IxDF example, there might be several canvases for design professionals, students and transitioning designers.
The customer segment maps the customers’ jobs to help identify:
The tasks your customers are trying to complete.
The problems they are trying to solve.
The needs they wish to satisfy.
The three types of customer jobs are:
Functional jobs are specific tasks that have practical benefits. Functional jobs focus on the tangible aspects of a product that improve daily activities or solve practical problems.
Emotional jobs cater to the feelings and emotional states that customers wish to achieve when using a product.
Social jobs are how customers want others to perceive them and their desire to fit into or stand out within their social circles.
When design teams and businesses fill out customer jobs, they start with surface-level jobs close to their solution. After this, they go deeper to develop a more detailed and valuable customer profile. Designers often end up with many jobs as they continually go deeper. This approach creates a more robust customer profile to test and confirm later.
For example:
One job of a design professional is to learn new design skills (functional).
Why do they want to learn new design skills?
To feel accomplished and confident in their design abilities (emotional).
To enhance their portfolio (functional).
Why do they want to strengthen their portfolio?
To gain recognition in the design community (social).
To create opportunities for new jobs or clients (functional).
Once businesses and designers have identified customer jobs, they rank them in order of importance to the customer. Ranked jobs help businesses determine whether their product fits the customer. For example, the ranking for a design professional might be:
Learn new design skills (functional).
Create job or client opportunities (functional).
Stay updated with the latest design trends (functional).
Increase efficiency in their workflow (functional).
Enhance their portfolio (functional).
Network with other design professionals (social).
Gain recognition in the design community (social).
Feel accomplished and confident in their design abilities (emotional).
Find inspiration for new projects (emotional).
Customer jobs define what a customer needs to get done but don’t explain why they would choose a particular product or service. The pains and gains answer this question.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
Customers face negative experiences, emotions or risks before, during and after getting a job done. Businesses identify pains to understand the challenges and frustrations their customers experience. Designers ask the following questions:
Question | Examples |
What significant concerns and risks worry your customers? | Losing money. Social problems. Losing respect, status or trust. |
What causes user dissatisfaction or stress? | Design issues that annoy them. Interface problems. Making frequent errors. |
What challenges do your users face with current designs? | Not having enough features. Interfaces that are hard to use. Trouble finishing tasks. |
What barriers prevent users from adopting designs? | High initial cost. Steep learning curve. Resistance to change. |
What aspects of a product or service do users find too costly or demanding? | Excessive time requirements. High monetary costs. Significant effort needed. |
For example, some pains for a design professional who wants to wants to grow their design knowledge may be (ranked by most “painful”):
I might not have enough free time to complete a course.
What if the course isn't high-quality?
I don’t have a big budget for courses.
I am not a fluent English speaker, but I want to take courses in English. I might struggle to understand.
I might not be motivated enough to start and finish the course.
What if I don't learn anything new?
I don’t have the time/effort to learn how a new platform works.
What if the platform is down when I have time to study?
If I fail the course, what will my peers think of me?
Pains define customers' negative experiences with existing solutions and their fears. Designers identify pains to understand their users and customers deeply.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
Gains represent the outcomes and benefits your customers want, and that would give them moments of delight. Two key points define gains:
Gains are more than what customers expect. They are not the simple result of a job. For example, a gain for a design professional looking to learn new design skills is not “A greater design knowledge.” Instead, a gain would be “Suggestions of how to continue growth after course completion.”
Gains aren’t just the inverse of pains. For example, if a pain is “What if I don't learn anything new?” a gain isn’t “Learning something new.” Instead, a gain would be “Educational materials tailored to my level of knowledge and career stage.”
To define gains, designers ask the following questions:
Question | Examples |
How do current designs make users happy? | Special features. Good performance. High quality. |
What positive social results do users want? | Looking professional. Gaining more respect. |
What improvements in design can enhance user satisfaction and daily experience? | Simpler designs. More features. |
How do users judge success and failure? | How well products and services work. Their return on investment. |
What cuts in time, money or effort would make your customers happy? | Quicker and simpler onboarding. Cheaper options. |
What factors influence users to adopt your product? | Appealing design. Solid guarantees. Specific or more features. |
For example, some gains for a design professional who wants to wants to grow their design knowledge may be (ranked by most “gainful”):
Increased job opportunities or better/more clients.
Opportunities for practical application.
Suggestions of how to continue growth after course completion.
Industry-recognized certificates.
Community support.
Regular updates on industry trends.
Boosted creativity and inspiration.
Gains are the outcomes customers expect from a job well done. Moments of delight and unexpected bonuses are also gains.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
The value map consists of a business's products and services, the pains they relieve and the gains they create.
While the customer segment will include many jobs, pains and gains, the value map should contain only a few products and services, pain relievers and gain creators. A business should address a customer’s most important jobs, pains and gains well. If a business tries to address every customer job, pain and gain, they will likely do it poorly.
Products and Services
This component outlines the business's various products and services. Products can be:
Tangible (e.g., a physical product, an in-person service).
Digital (e.g., an application, an online course).
Intangible (e.g., consulting services).
IxDF’s products and services, ranked as most important to a design professional who wants to wants to grow their design knowledge, are:
High-quality beginner, intermediate and advanced design courses.
Insightful webinars with industry experts on the latest design trends.
A worldwide community of designers, online forums and in-person meet-ups.
Blog articles and newsletters with the newest design knowledge and trends.
An open-source, free-to-access library of design knowledge.
Designers and businesses list and match their products and services to their customers' needs. This component of the value map includes core products and additional services.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
Relievers directly address the pains customers experience. The questions designers ask are the inverse of the customer pains questions. For example, instead of “What causes user dissatisfaction or stress?” designers ask, “How does my product or service alleviate customer dissatisfaction or stress?”
However, designers must remain objective and be honest about the pains their product relieves. For example, Amazon relieves many of the pains of its customers. However, if a customer's pain is “I don’t want to be overwhelmed by choice,” Amazon cannot entirely relieve this pain. While they make product recommendations, Amazon has a vast range of products, so they may still overwhelm customers with options.
IxDF’s pain relievers, ranked by most relieving, are:
High-quality and educational content delivered by industry experts.
Courses you can take at your own pace.
A single flat fee for access to the entire course library.
New courses are regularly released.
A simple, straightforward interface.
A mix of video and text-based lessons to keep students engaged.
Video transcripts and local communities for non-fluent English speakers.
Customer pains that the IxDF cannot relieve are:
What if the platform is down when I have time to study? While IxDF has a stable platform with minimal downtime, it’s impossible to completely relieve this pain. Occasional downtime is unavoidable for an online platform.
If I fail the course, what will my peers think of me? While customers can retake any course, IxDF cannot relieve this pain directly.
Pain relievers are features or benefits that designers and businesses plan to use to relieve customer pains. A single product may not relieve all customer pains.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
These are the features or benefits that create desired outcomes for the customer. As with customer gains, gain creators can be the outcomes of the jobs customers complete or moments of delight the customer does not expect.
Some of the IxDF’s gain creators ranked by gain created are:
High-quality insights from industry superstars like Don Norman.
Industry-recognized course certificates. Students can share certificates on social media for increased status and social gain.
90% member discount on webinars.
Practical exercises to test new skills and build portfolios.
“Learn More” sections in all lessons, including internal and external resources.
Learning paths that suggest courses based on profession or field of expertise.
Gain creators are a product or service's elements, benefits or outcomes that give users satisfaction and delight. These may be gains that customers expect, or that will surprise them.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
Product-market fit is when a product meets strong market demand and serves its target audience better than competitors. Designers and businesses match the elements of the value map to those of the customer segment to see if they achieve this fit. The sections of the value map are not exclusive to their corresponding sections in the customer segment. For example, a gain creator can match with a customer pain.
If a product or service does not address all customer jobs, pains and gains, this does not mean it doesn’t achieve fit. Designers rank all elements of the value proposition canvas to understand if their product meets the customers’ greatest needs. For example, there likely won’t be a fit if a product doesn't address the most crucial job of a customer. However, there will likely still be a fit if a product doesn’t address the two least essential customer jobs.
If designers and businesses don’t achieve fit, they must change their value proposition or consider a different target customer.
A product or service achieves product-market fit when it fulfills enough customer jobs, relieves enough customer pains and creates enough customer gains. In the IxDF example, IxDF achieves market fit as it matches most customers' jobs, pains and gains.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
Designers and businesses follow these best practices for accurate and actionable value proposition canvases:
Always start with the customer segment: The purpose of the customer segment is to consider the customer separate from your product. If you start with the value map, you are more likely to define your ideal customer than who they truly are.
Approach the components of each section in any order: You do not need to complete customer jobs before you move on to pains and gains. Likewise, for the value map, add products and services, pain relievers and gain creators as you think of them.
Create multiple value proposition canvases for different customer segments: Very few businesses have a single type of customer. If your product or service has various kinds of customers, create individual canvases for each.
Involve the whole team: Collaborate on your value proposition canvases for the best results. Invite other team members, stakeholders and departments. For example, customer support and sales often have valuable insights for the customer segment.
Share your canvases with the whole organization: The value proposition canvas helps align everyday activities, workshops and strategizing with customers’ needs. The canvas is a valuable tool for user-centered design.
Create competitor value maps: Create multiple versions of the same canvas but with different value maps. For example, if you’re creating a new project management SaaS, you might develop canvases for services like Asana, Airtable and Monday. This practice helps you understand how well your competitors relieve customer pains, create gains and fulfill jobs. Likewise, it enables you to identify competitor shortcomings and develop better solutions.
Make pains and gains quantitative: For example, a more actionable customer pain for an e-commerce site would be “more than three steps to purchase” compared to “too many steps to purchase.” Quantitative pains and gains help you measure value.
Update your business model canvas: As a value proposition canvas changes and evolves, it affects the business model canvas. Iterate between both tools—add and remove value propositions and customer segments and update other boxes based on changes.
Research plays a pivotal role in practical and actionable value proposition canvases. Designers use research to inform the creation of their canvases and confirm if their beliefs about their users are correct.
Customer research helps inform value proposition canvases. Businesses and designers identify customer segments in the following ways:
Conduct market research: Gather data through surveys, interviews and market analysis to understand various demographics, their needs and preferences. This foundational step helps to segment the market into distinct groups.
Analyze behaviors and preferences: Look for patterns in how different groups use similar products or services, their buying behavior and what drives their loyalty. This insight helps in refining your segments.
Consider psychographics: Beyond demographic factors, explore psychographic elements such as lifestyle, values and attitudes. These elements add depth to your customer profiles, making your segments more precise.
Evaluate segment viability: Assess the size, accessibility and profitability of each segment. Focus on those that are sustainable and align with your business goals.
Iterate based on feedback: As you engage with potential users, prepare to refine your segments based on honest feedback and insights. This iterative process ensures your segments remain relevant and targeted.
Designers and businesses should always back up their customer segments with research. This research confirms assumptions and informs the iteration of the value proposition canvas.
Steve Blank, an entrepreneur and a significant figure in the Lean Startup approach, developed the idea of "get out of the building" (GOOB). Designers and businesses use GOOB to observe and learn more about their customers. This method is similar to ethnographic research.
In this video, Frank Spillers explains GOOB:
The following research methods help businesses and designers when they get out of the building:
Customer interviews: Conduct in-depth interviews with potential or existing customers. Ask open-ended questions to uncover their experiences, frustrations and desires.
Surveys and questionnaires: Use surveys to reach a broader audience. Include questions that probe into the problems they face, their needs and the improvements they seek in existing solutions.
Observation and ethnographic studies: Observe customers in their natural environment to understand how they interact with products or services like yours. This method can reveal the needs and frustrations customers have but don’t say.
Social media and forums: Analyze conversations on social media platforms and forums related to your industry. Look for common complaints, wishes and what users value in products or services.
Competitor analysis: Study your competitors and their customer feedback. Reviews and testimonials can provide insight into areas where competitors are failing or succeeding.
Empathy mapping: Use empathy maps to visualize and categorize the insights you've gathered about your customers’ thoughts, feelings, experiences and needs.
Card sorting: Use card sorting with customers for them to rank their most important jobs and the intensity of their pains and gains.
Learn more about how to achieve product-market fit with the value proposition canvas from its co-creator, Alex Osterwalder.
Download Strategyzer’s official value proposition canvas template.
Take our course, Service Design: How to Design Integrated Service Experiences, to learn how the value proposition canvas fits into the service design process.
Watch Strategyzer’s webinar to gather some best practices for the value proposition canvas.
Read the book Value Proposition Design by Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Gregory Bernarda and Alan Smith to learn more about value propositions.
Designers use strong value propositions to make their designs stand out in a competitive market. To develop a strong value proposition:
Identify unique benefits: Understand and describe the unique benefits your designs provide to users. This description should clearly show what makes your product or service different and better than competitors.
Address user needs: Ensure your value proposition directly responds to the needs and challenges of your target audience.
Designers use the following tools to identify unique benefits and address user needs:
User personas: Create detailed profiles representing real users to understand their needs, behaviors and preferences.
Competitive analysis: Analyze your competitors to identify and understand what they offer, and find gaps where your product can stand out.
Empathy mapping: This technique helps designers gain deeper emotional insights into users' feelings and needs. Empathy maps serve as guides to define value propositions.
Conduct real-world testing: Employ methods like A/B testing and user interviews to validate your insights. Use these new findings to iterate on your value proposition.
An example of a strong value proposition is Dropbox. Dropbox emphasized simplicity and ease of use in its value proposition. This approach set it apart from more complex, server-based solutions and made it more accessible to a broader audience.
In this video, Alan Dix, professor and expert in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), explains what personas are and how to create them:
The best way to match customer pains with pain relievers is through customer and user research. Designers conduct research to understand customers' specific problems and how these affect their day-to-day activities. Designers gather data through user interviews, surveys and observations. These user research methods pinpoint common pain points that their product or service can address.
Once designers understand these pains, they can develop an accurate customer segment. Personas can help designers in this process enable designers to visualize the target audience's needs, behaviors and goals. Personas make it easier to tailor value propositions directly to customer pains.
Take our course, User Research – Methods and Best Practices, to learn about user interviews, surveys, observations and other methods.
Gains refer to the benefits customers desire or would be surprised by. Gains include functional utility, social gains, positive emotions and cost savings. Designers can enhance these gains through:
Deep user understanding: Designers conduct user interviews and usability testing to gain insights into user needs and desires that may not be immediately obvious. Deep understanding can lead to identifying new gains that align closely with user expectations.
Usability improvements: Designers enhance user satisfaction by creating products or services that are easy to use and accessible. Ease and simplicity of use without decreased functionality or results is a customer gain. For example, Apple revolutionized the smartphone market with the iPhone by offering a user-friendly interface that significantly simplified the user experience.
Aesthetic enhancement: Designers can enhance a product's desirability through its visual appeal. Aesthetics are a direct gain for users who value a product's appearance. For example, the vacuum cleaner manufacturer Dyson introduced vacuums with sleek, futuristic designs and clear bins that allow users to see the technology at work. This approach contributed to Dyson’s unique value proposition and success.
Emotional connection: Designers can create an emotional impact through storytelling, branding and user experience. This approach fosters a stronger emotional connection with the product or service. For example, the music streaming service Spotify employs personalized playlists to tap into users' emotions.
In this video, Alan Dix, professor and expert in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), explains the interplay between usability and emotion in design:
Many products and services can have multiple value propositions. This approach enables businesses to create different value propositions for various customer segments. Multiple value propositions help businesses meet diverse customer needs and extend their market reach.
For example, a project management application like Asana may create multiple value propositions aimed at:
Business users.
Personal users.
Students.
While there may be overlap between the customer segments, each segment has unique jobs, pains and gains.
Designers must understand different value propositions as they guide the product development process. Designers prioritize features based on these propositions to resonate with each target audience.
Watch our video on market orientation to understand the importance of understanding customer needs and wants:
Designers and businesses should update the Value Proposition Canvas regularly. They should do this whenever significant changes occur in the market or customer needs and behaviors. Designers must keep this tool current to ensure their offerings align tightly with what customers truly value.
A regularly updated value proposition canvas allows designers to stay competitive and responsive. For example, after launching a new product, gathering customer feedback or observing a shift in the market, designers should revisit and revise the canvas. This approach ensures that a business’s products and services continue to solve customer problems. The following methods help designers and businesses keep their canvases updated:
Customer interviews: You should regularly conduct interviews to gain fresh insights into customer needs and expectations.
Market research: You must stay updated with industry trends and changes to anticipate customer demand shifts.
Iterative feedback: You should use customer feedback on your products and services to continually refine their value propositions.
Designers should consider updating the value proposition canvas at least once every six months. This rhythm helps businesses adapt to market changes and align with their customers' evolving preferences.
In this video, Ann Blandford, professor of human-computer interaction (HCI) at University College London, explains the pros and cons of interviews as a research method:
The value proposition canvas is a crucial tool that helps designers align product roadmap decisions with customer needs. The canvas ranks customer jobs, pains and gains by most important, most painful and most gainful, respectively. This approach helps designers prioritize high-impact features in the product roadmap.
Since the value proposition canvas is a regularly updated document, it supports ongoing product development cycles. As businesses receive new customer feedback, they implement this into the canvas. Designers can ensure the canvas's information accurately represents current user needs and pain points.
Designers implement insights from the value proposition canvas into roadmap planning to:
Make the design process more customer and user-centered.
Enhances overall customer satisfaction by solving real problems.
In this video, Don Norman, emeritus professor of psychology, cognitive science and computer science, explains what user-centered design is and why it’s important:
A few significant variations exist between B2B (business-to-business) and B2C (business-to-consumer) value proposition canvases. These variations are because of different customer structures and channels.
In B2B settings, businesses often deal with multiple stakeholders with distinct roles and influence on purchase decisions. Roles include:
Users who interact directly with the product.
Influencers (e.g., consultants).
Economic buyers who manage budget considerations.
Decision-makers who approve purchases.
Saboteurs who may resist the adoption of the product.
As a result, businesses need to develop tailored value propositions for each stakeholder.
Some businesses act as intermediaries in addition to selling their own products to consumers. For example, Amazon is a platform through which manufacturers can sell. Amazon’s value proposition for manufacturers may focus on how their offerings can benefit the manufacturer. Benefits could include profit margins, sales volume or customer retention. Meanwhile, Amazon’s end consumer value propositions may focus on user benefits like cost, usability or enjoyment.
Designers can follow these best practices to lead successful value proposition canvas workshops:
Prepare resources: A large value proposition canvas template or drawing and plenty of sticky notes will enable a collaborative session.
Plan the session’s structure: A structure will help the session stay on track and ensure you do not miss any vital activities or discussions. However, be open to deviation if it encourages creativity and positive results.
Use icebreakers and warm-up activities: The stakeholders involved in the workshop may not know each other. Icebreakers and team-building games can help relax all involved and create a friendly and creative atmosphere.
Ensure understanding of the canvas: Briefly explain the canvas to all involved to ensure no one is confused or unsure about the purpose of the session.
Use collaborative techniques: Facilitate brainstorming, role-playing and group discussions to encourage a free flow of ideas and enhance teamwork.
Showcase successful alignments: Use examples to show how comparative products or services have successfully matched their value propositions with customer needs.
Watch our video on brainstorming to learn more about the technique and some best practices:
Do you want to improve your UX / UI Design skills? Join us now
You earned your gift with a perfect score! Let us send it to you.
We’ve emailed your gift to name@email.com.
Do you want to improve your UX / UI Design skills? Join us now
Here’s the entire UX literature on The Value Proposition Canvas by the Interaction Design Foundation, collated in one place:
We believe in Open Access and the democratization of knowledge. Unfortunately, world-class educational materials such as this page are normally hidden behind paywalls or in expensive textbooks.
If you want this to change, , link to us, or join us to help us democratize design knowledge!
