Literature on Brainwriting

Here’s the entire UX literature on Brainwriting by the Interaction Design Foundation, collated in one place:

Learn How to Use the Best Ideation Methods: Brainstorming, Braindumping, Brainwriting, and Brainwalking

Brainstorming is the most frequently practiced form of ideation. We recommend that you use it along with Brainwriting, Brainwalking, and Braindumping. Here, you’ll learn the best practices from the very best experts from d-school and IDEO as well of the father of the Brainstorming technique, Alex Osborn.

Brainstorming is a great way to generate a lot of ideas that you would not be able to generate by just sitting down with a pen and paper. The intention of brainstorming is to leverage the collective thinking of the group, by engaging with each other, listening, and building on other ideas. Conducting a brainstorm also creates a distinct segment of time when you intentionally turn up the generative part of your brain and turn down the evaluative part. You can use brainstorming throughout any design or work process, of course, to generate ideas for design solutions, but also any time you are trying to generate ideas, such as planning where to do empathy work, or thinking about product and services related to your project.

Learn the Best Practices from the Experts Themselves

Here, you’ll learn the best practices from the very best experts from d-school and IDEO as well of the father of the Brainstorming technique, Alex Osborn. IDEO is a hugely successful international design and consulting firm, which uses the Design Thinking methodology to advance innovative design in products, services, environments, and digital experiences. The d.school celebrates Design Thinking, and it’s one of the most – if not the most – celebrated and recognised sources on Design Thinking and ideation techniques. d.school is a design school based in Stanford University in cooperation with the German Hasso Plattner Institute of the University of Potsdam.

Brainstorming (or just ‘brainstorm’, for short) has remained the cornerstone of the creative industry for decades and has evolved over the years as experience and learning developed from its variety of applications. Brainstorming essentially relies on a group of people coming together with their prior knowledge and research in order to gather ideas for solving the stated problem. It evokes images of exploration, experimental thinking, and wild ideas. However, all too often it takes the form of controlled sessions where dominant figures assert themselves over others and creativity ends up getting stifled. Or, in other cases, the facilitator does not succeed in helping the team steer towards the goal by keeping the user, the user’s need and the team’s insights about them in a problem statement – also called Point of View – at the front of the team’s minds.

In the following, we’ll let you in on some amazing brainstorm rules which will help keep you from falling into these traps, and instead facilitate innovative and effective brainstorming sessions.

Best Practice Rules for Effective Brainstorming

Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Idea generation, or Ideation, is an art form, which is dependent on appointing an experienced facilitator and having an experienced team. However, we’re all here to learn, and here is how you can start learning to become a successful facilitator of brainstorming sessions. Brainstorming is about setting a safe, creative space for people to feel like they can say anything and be wild—and know that they will not be judged for doing so—so that new ideas can be born. The following are some rules, principles, and suggestions so you can make brainstorming sessions much more user-oriented, effective, innovative – and fun.

1. Set a time limit

d-school emphasises that the facilitator has to be intentional about setting aside a period when your team will be in “brainstorm mode”. In this time frame, it’s the sole goal to come up with as many ideas as possible, and during this period judgements of those ideas are prohibited. Typically, a Brainstorm will take around 15-60 minutes. It can be shorter or longer, depending on the difficulty of the problem and the motivation and experience of the group.

Best practice tip:

“Invest energy into a short period of time, such as 15 or 30 minutes of high engagement. Get in front of a whiteboard or around a table, but take an active posture of standing or sitting upright. Get close together.”
– dschool, Bootcamp Bootleg

2. Start with a problem statement, Point of View, How Might We questions, a plan or a goal – and stay focused on the topic

Alex Osborn, the father of the Brainstorming technique, emphasises that brainstorming sessions should always address a specific question or problem statement (also called a Point of View) as sessions addressing multiple questions are inefficient. Begin with a good problem statement or question. Design Thinkers and other ideation specialists have further developed this approach into the art of framing problem statements via methods. Specifically, these are “How Might We” questions.

You can read and download the full guides below about how you can define your problem statement by using the Design Thinking method called Point Of View and how you can start ideating by asking “How Might We” questions:

Get your free template for “Point of View - Problem Statement”

Secure form

Name Please provide your name.

We respect your privacy

Please provide a valid email address.

Get free UX design learning material every week

314,851 designers enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it?

Get your free template for “How Might We Questions”

Secure form

Name Please provide your name.

We respect your privacy

Please provide a valid email address.

Get free UX design learning material every week

314,851 designers enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it?

Best practice tip:

“Write down clearly what you are brainstorming. Using a ‘How Might We’ (HMW) question is a great way to frame a brainstorm (e.g. HMW give each shopper a personal checkout experience?).”
– dschool, Bootcamp Bootleg

3. Defer judgement or criticism, including non-verbal

The facilitator should always set a positive, unthreatening tone and tell participants to reserve criticism for a later critical stage in the ideation process. A Brainstorming session is not the time and the place to evaluate ideas, and you should avoid executional details. It’s crucial that participants are feeling confident by being in a safe environment so they have no fear of being judged by others when they put forward wild ideas. You should create equal opportunities for all participants. The best ideas often come from practitioners, students, and people who dare to think differently – and not necessarily only from the highly skilled and experienced managers.

“Have playful rules: Critiquing or debating ideas can quickly sap the energy of a session. Many IDEO conference rooms have brainstorming rules stenciled in 6-inch-high letters on the walls; for example, ‘Go for quantity,’ ‘Encourage wild ideas,’ ‘Defer judgment,’ or ‘One conversation at a time.’”
– IDEO, The IDEO Difference

Best practice tip: The facilitator should suspend judgement. This way, participants will feel free to generate unusual ideas. As a facilitator, you will find that it can even be a great idea to prohibit the word “no”. You’ll be surprised to see how effective this tool is and how it helps open up minds and creates a collaborative, curious, and friendly ideation environment. And you’ll find that it’s pretty fun too when team members have to initially say “yes” to even the weirdest ideas. Giving out half-thought-out ideas or strange suggestions is normally not socially accepted, is socially frowned on and leads to people holding back in normal situations. Brainstorming deliberately gives permission to be “stupid” and “child-like”.

“Creative spaces don't judge. They let the ideas flow, so that people can build on each other and foster great ideas. You never know where a good idea is going to come from, the key is make everyone feel like they can say the idea on their mind and allow others to build on it.”
– OpenIDEO, 7 Tips on Better Brainstorming

4. Encourage weird, wacky, and wild ideas

These new ways of thinking might give you better solutions.

"It is easier to tone down a wild idea than to think up a new one.”
– Alex Osborn, the father of the Brainstorming technique

“Wild ideas can often give rise to creative leaps. In thinking about ideas that are wacky or out there we tend to think about what we really want without the constraints of technology or materials. We can then take those magical possibilities and perhaps invent new technologies to deliver them.”
– OpenIDEO, 7 Tips on Better Brainstorming

5.Aim for quantity

Aim for as many new ideas as possible. The assumption is that the greater the number of ideas you generate, the bigger your chance is of producing a radical and effective solution. Brainstorming celebrates the maxim “quantity breeds quality”.

6.Build on each others' ideas

As suggested by the slogan "1+1=3", Brainstorming stimulates the building of ideas by a process of association. Embrace the most out-of-the-box notions and build, build, build. Be positive and build on the ideas of others. Brainstorming works well when participants use each other's ideas to trigger their own thinking. Our minds are highly associative. One thought easily triggers another. When we use the thoughts of others, then these will stop us getting trapped by our own thinking structures.

Best practice tip: Try to say and encourage others to say “and” instead of “but”. It takes practice, but this little trick works surprisingly well.

7. Be visual

Best practice tip: At IDEO, they encourage you to use coloured markers to write on Post-its and put them on the wall—or sketch your idea. Nothing gets an idea across faster than drawing it. It doesn’t matter how terrible of a sketcher you are! It's all about the idea behind your sketch. And d.school has two great ideas for you:

“There are at least two ways to capture the ideas of a brainstorming:
1. Scribe: the scribe legibly and visually captures on the board ideas that team members call out. It is very important to capture every idea, regardless of your own feelings about each idea.
2. All-in: Each person will write down each of his or her ideas as they come, and verbally share it with the group. It is great to do this with post-it notes, so you can write your idea and then stick it on the board.”
– dschool, Bootcamp Bootleg

8. One conversation at a time

Listen to each other and elaborate on each other’s ideas. Don’t get obsessed with your own ideas. You’re here to ideate together.

You can download and print our template with the 8 rules for effective Brainstorming and use it as your and your team’s guide:

Get your free template for “Brainstorm - 8 Rules”

Secure form

Name Please provide your name.

We respect your privacy

Please provide a valid email address.

Get free UX design learning material every week

314,851 designers enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it?

Should you Forget Brainstorming?

Brainstorm, as great as it can be, has some obvious weaknesses, most of them human factors. Whenever a group of people gets together to work collectively on anything, we inevitably find some members dominating over others. Introverts take a back seat and prefer working away in a quieter self-reflective manner, while extroverts, especially egoistical ones, put a stake in the ground and try to own the show. Research published in the Administrative Science Quarterly in 1958, Does Group Participation When Using Brainstorming Facilitate or Inhibit Creative Thinking?, seeks to understand whether individual brainstorming or group brainstorming sessions produce better results. A storm of debate ensued in 2010 when News Week posted an article referencing this research and making a call to "Forget Brainstorming "with others rebuffing this claim and affirming "Don't Forget: Brainstorming Works". Though the results of the study were based on limited parameters, they do indicate that if group-brainstorming conditions are not properly met, they can fail more easily.

We agree that poorly facilitated face-to-face brainstorms do stifle creativity. We agree that, even when brainstorming is done right, people could sometimes still generate ideas faster when they work alone. However, if you want creativity, it’s a major mistake to keep your team members in solitary confinement where they can’t “waste time” listening to and building on the ideas of others.

Here’s the problem: Most pieces of research on brainstorming are rigorous but irrelevant to the challenge of managing creative work. For starters, comparing whether creativity happens best in groups or alone is pretty silly when you look at how creative work is actually done. At creative companies like IDEO, people switch between both modes so seamlessly that it is hard to notice where individual work ends and group work starts.

Should Your Team Brainstorm as a Group or as Individuals?

Best practice: Switching between the two modes of individual and collective ideation sessions can be seamless—and highly productive. Alex Osborn’s 1950s classic Applied Imagination gave advice that is still relevant: Creativity comes from a blend of individual and collective ideation.

Brainstorming (group sessions) has three siblings which you should get to know: Braindumping (individual sessions), Brainwriting (a mix of individual and group sessions) and Brainwalking (another mix of individual and group sessions).

It’s often a good idea to do individual ideation sessions like braindumping, brainwriting and brainwalking before and after brainstorming group sessions.

Braindump – Individual Brainstorm

Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

One of the best ways to progress to more advanced levels of ideation is to start by getting everything that's currently clogging the neural pathways out in the open and freeing up some cognitive space for other synapses, connections, and mixtures to get through. David Allen, author of the world famous “Getting Things Done” methodology, swears by the braindump as a means to free up mental energy and allow freethinking. Holding onto your own thoughts, unfinished tasks, or unexplored ideas creates mental blockages and prevents freethinking. Furthermore, Braindump is an amazing technique to help quiet employees get a voice.

Best practice

If you were the facilitator, you’d brief ideation participants upfront on the problem statement, goals and important insights from previous research and findings.
Then ask all participants to write down their ideas as they come.
It’s important that each participant does this individually – and silently.
Provide participants with sheets of paper, idea cards or traditional Post-it notes. Sticky notes are great, because they allow people to write their ideas down individually – one idea per note.
Give participants between 3 and 10 minutes to get ideas they have been thinking of off their chests.
After reaching the time limit of approximately 3-10 minutes, each participant will say a few words about his or her ideas and stick them on a board or wall. You should avoid initial discussions about notes when team members are presenting them. Ideas that come out of early braindump sessions should be shared verbally with the entire team in order to spark new streams of thinking or combinations of ideas.
While sticking the ideas up and presenting them, the group will also group duplicates together.
When all team members have presented their ideas, you can select the best ideas, which you can continue to build and elaborate on in other ideation sessions. There are various methods you can use such as “Post-it Voting”, “Four Categories”, “Bingo Selection”, “Six Thinking Hats”, and “Now Wow How Matrix”.

You can download and print the template where we’ve summarised how to create a successful Braindump session:

Get your free template for “Braindump”

Secure form

Name Please provide your name.

We respect your privacy

Please provide a valid email address.

Get free UX design learning material every week

314,851 designers enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it?

Author/Copyright holder: Victor Roa. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY 2.0

Sticky notes are great for braindump sessions, because they allow people to write their ideas down individually – one idea per note. After reaching the time limit of approximately 3-10 minutes, each participant will say a few words about his or her ideas and stick them on a board or wall.

Brainwriting

Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Brainwriting is a technique where participants write ideas onto cards and then pass their idea cards on to the next person, moving those cards around the group in a circle as participants build on the ideas of others. Participants perform this technique in complete silence—and they are forced to build on, instead of criticise, other participants' ideas. The cycle can be repeated multiple times and can be applied to chunks of the problem being addressed, depending on the need. The beauty of brainwriting is that it levels the playing field immediately, and it removes many of the obstacles of group brainstorming. With traditional verbal brainstorming, the number of ideas which can be expressed at once is limited, and the time it takes to get through a number of ideas is much longer, which results in many participants forgetting or becoming confused while others shout out ideas. This is especially so for those who are shy or introverted or who may be at a disadvantage due to being less senior or unfamiliar with the specialisations being discussed.

Brainwriting is an excellent starting point for ideation sessions, and can serve as a means to maximise the initial braindump, or as a way to refocus if other ideation methods go haywire. Before the chaos of group ideation muddles people's thinking, help them get their initial thoughts out in the open with an introductory brainwriting session and use the results later to build on further with other techniques.

Best Practice

If you were the facilitator, you’d brief ideation participants upfront on the problem statement, goals and important user insights from previous research and findings.
Encourage participants to jot down ideas on their idea cards for 3-5 minutes before passing on their ideas when you make the call.
Ideally, participants pass on idea cards 3-10 times depending on the problem statement and goals.
This all happens silently and without any interference or communication.
Encourage participants to push themselves for more ideas at least a couple of times, in the few minutes they have, in order to maximize the output and variation.
You should stoke the session with encouragement and provide questions or statements which push participants to think outside of their comfort zones.
The cycle can be repeated multiple times and can be applied to chunks of the problem being addressed, depending on the need.
After ending the cycle, each participant will briefly verbally present the thoughts on the idea card he/she ends up with by the end of the cycle to the rest of the team—in order to spark new streams of thinking or combinations of ideas. If you were the facilitator, you would often be taking notes on a white board.
When all team members have presented their idea cards, you can select the best ideas which you can continue to build and elaborate on in other ideation sessions. There are various methods you can use such as “Post-it Voting”, “Four Categories”, “Bingo Selection”and “Now Wow How Matrix”.

You can download and print the template where we’ve summarised how to create a successful Brainwriting session:

Get your free template for “Brainwrite”

Secure form

Name Please provide your name.

We respect your privacy

Please provide a valid email address.

Get free UX design learning material every week

314,851 designers enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it?

Brainwalking

Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Yes, you read it correctly—don’t worry, though; it doesn’t involve soles touching souls. Brainwalking is very similar to brainwriting with one small but highly impactful difference. Instead of passing idea cards or notes from one participant to another, participants have to get up from their seats and move to another spot around the brainstorming table or even to another table altogether. Bryan Mattimore came up with this technique; he’s a specialist in the art of ideation and facilitation. Mattimore has many years and thousands of sessions of experience conducting ideation sessions. In his book Idea Stormers, he describes brainwalking as the: 'single best technique to use to begin an ideation session'.

Brainwalking gets people out of their seats, gets them moving, keeps energy levels up and mixes things up enough so that the group as a whole does not get stuck delving too long down the same one-way street, without a quick exit or U turn available. Brainwalking works best when it is easy to flip or to start from scratch.

You can download and print the template where we’ve described the best practice for creating a Brainwalking session:

Get your free template for “Brainwalk”

Secure form

Name Please provide your name.

We respect your privacy

Please provide a valid email address.

Get free UX design learning material every week

314,851 designers enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it?

As we can see, one ideation method leads to another, and another… and the methods themselves are areas open to creative interpretation and disruption.

Know Your History

Alex Osborn was an advertising executive who created the technique we know today as brainstorming. He invented the technique as a response to the stifling environment of executive meetings and with the goal of freeing up creative thinking in order to facilitate ideas to flow more easily. Alex Osborn presented the brainstorming technique in his book, How To Think Up. Alex Osborn authored several books on group creative thinking, including Your Creative Power, How to Organize a Squad to Create Ideas and Applied Imagination, and he was a pioneer in the field, laying the ground for what we call ideation today.

Alex Osborn developed a system that still applies to our modern ideation methods and includes such principles as deferring judgement or criticism and aiming for a larger quantity of ideas as opposed to a focus on quality. He also impresses the importance of an experienced facilitator and on combining group brainstorming with separate individual ideation sessions. As much as the modern understanding of brainstorming may conjure up ideas of randomised chaos with an untrained, poorly facilitated group just shouting out whatever comes to mind, the technique Osborn developed has many rules and principles, which need to be respected in order to achieve success.

“Creativity is more than mere imagination. It is imagination inseparably coupled with both intent and effort.”
– Alex Osborn

The Take Away

Brainstorming is the most frequently practiced form of ideation. We recommend that you mix it with Brainwriting, Brainwalking and Braindumping and other ideation methods. Idea generation is an art form, which is dependent on appointing an experienced facilitator and having an experienced team. However, we’re all here to learn, and here is how you can start learning to become a successful facilitator of ideation sessions. Ideation sessions are about setting a safe, creative space for people to feel like they can say anything, be wild, and not be judged – so that new relevant ideas can be born. The following are the rules, principles and suggestions to help you make brainstorming and other initial ideation sessions much more effective:

Set a time limit.
Start with a question, a plan or a goal – and stay focused on the topic.
Defer judgement or criticism, including non-verbal.
Encourage weird, wacky and wild ideas.
Aim for quantity.
Build on each others' ideas.
Be visual.
Allow one conversation at a time.

References & Where to Learn More

Hero Image: Author/Copyright holder: visualpun.ch. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

IDEO, The IDEO Difference, by Catherine Fredman, 2002.

Alex Osborn, How To Think Up, 1942

Alex Osborn, Applied Imagination, 1953

d.school, Bootcamp Bootleg.

Donald W. Taylor, Paul C. Berry and Clifford H. Block, Does Group Participation When Using Brainstorming Facilitate or Inhibit Creative Thinking? In Administrative Science Quarterly Vol. 3, No. 1, Page 23-47, 1958.

Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman. Forget Brainstorming, 7/12/2010.

Jonathan Vehar. Don't forget: Brainstorming works!, 2010.

David Allen, Five Simple Steps that Apply Order to Chaos.

Dave Gray. Brainwriting. Gamestorming A toolkit for innovators, rule-breakers and changemakers, 2010.

Bryan W. Mattimore, Idea Stormers: How to Lead and Inspire Creative Breakthroughs, 2012

Tim Brown, CEO of IDEO, Change by Design, 2009

Learn more about Brainwriting

Take a deep dive into Brainwriting with our course Creativity: Methods to Design Better Products and Services .

The overall goal of this course is to help you design better products, services and experiences by helping you and your team develop innovative and useful solutions. You’ll learn a human-focused, creative design process.

We’re going to show you what creativity is as well as a wealth of ideation methods―both for generating new ideas and for developing your ideas further. You’ll learn skills and step-by-step methods you can use throughout the entire creative process. We’ll supply you with lots of templates and guides so by the end of the course you’ll have lots of hands-on methods you can use for your and your team’s ideation sessions. You’re also going to learn how to plan and time-manage a creative process effectively.

Most of us need to be creative in our work regardless of if we design user interfaces, write content for a website, work out appropriate workflows for an organization or program new algorithms for system backend. However, we all get those times when the creative step, which we so desperately need, simply does not come. That can seem scary—but trust us when we say that anyone can learn how to be creative on demand. This course will teach you ways to break the impasse of the empty page. We'll teach you methods which will help you find novel and useful solutions to a particular problem, be it in interaction design, graphics, code or something completely different. It’s not a magic creativity machine, but when you learn to put yourself in this creative mental state, new and exciting things will happen.

In the “Build Your Portfolio: Ideation Project”, you’ll find a series of practical exercises which together form a complete ideation project so you can get your hands dirty right away. If you want to complete these optional exercises, you will get hands-on experience with the methods you learn and in the process you’ll create a case study for your portfolio which you can show your future employer or freelance customers.

Your instructor is Alan Dix. He’s a creativity expert, professor and co-author of the most popular and impactful textbook in the field of Human-Computer Interaction. Alan has worked with creativity for the last 30+ years, and he’ll teach you his favorite techniques as well as show you how to make room for creativity in your everyday work and life.

You earn a verifiable and industry-trusted Course Certificate once you’ve completed the course. You can highlight it on your resume, your LinkedIn profile or your website.

Creativity: Methods to Design Better Products and Services

Closes in

-10

days

hrs

-54

mins

-5

secs

booked

All open-source articles on Brainwriting

Introduction to the Essential Ideation Techniques which are the Heart of Design Thinking

Ideation is at the heart of the Design Thinking process. There are literally hundreds of ideation techniques, for exampl

1.1k shares
4 years ago