Author: Larry F. Hodges
Ph.D
Larry F. Hodges joined the computer science faculty at Georgia Tech in 1988 after receiving his Ph.D. at North Carolina State University. His dissertation was in the area of stereoscopic computer graphics under the Direction of Professor David McAllister in the Department of Computer Science. At Georgia Tech he was a founding member of the Graphics, Visualization & Usability (GVU) Center and also led the Virtual Environments Research Group which focused on the rapidly emerging area of Virtual Reality.
In 1993 he organized a multidisciplinary team of clinicians and computer scientists who began to investigate the use of VR for exposure therapy of phobias. This work resulted in the 1995 publication of Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia in the American Journal of Psychiatry. This paper was the first published report of a controlled study on the use of VR for psychotherapy in the psychiatric literature and received wide media attention, including an announcement of the paper's results on CBS Evening News the day the journal article was released and follow-up stories in a number of venues, including Scientific American Frontiers, CNN, Dateline NBC, Good Morning America, US News & World Report, MIT Technology Review, Discover, and the New York Times.
Since that first study he has continued to expand the development of what has become known as VR Therapy or Virtual Therapy with two patents and over 25 journal publications in the clinical psychology and psychiatry literature on various clinical applications of VR, including treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Fear of Flying, Social Phobias, and Balance Disorders.
In 1996 he, with research colleague Barbara Rothbaum of Emory University, founded Virtually Better, Inc., a company that specializes in creation, testing, and sales of virtual environments for clinical applications in psychiatry, psychology, and addiction. Virtually Better Therapy systems are currently in use by clinicians in many locations across the US and in eleven other countries. In 2006, Dr. Hodges was awarded the IEEE Virtual Reality Career Award for his work in clinical virtual reality.
In addition to his research work in Clinical Applications of VR, Dr. Hodges has also maintained an active research agenda in numerous other areas of Virtual Reality, Visualization, and 3D User Interface Design with over 150 published papers. He has served as General Chair of both the IEEE Virtual Reality Conference and the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology. He currently serves on the Steering Committee of the IEEE VR Conference and on the Editorial Board of IEEE Transactions on Visualization & Computer Graphics. He has graduated a number of M.S and Ph.D. students who have gone on to research and academic positions in VR and related areas at places such as Georgia Tech, the University of Southern California, Texas A&M University, Virginia Tech, North Carolina State University, UNC Charlotte, Fraunhoeffer, Disney, BAE Systems, and Sarnoff Corp.
In 2002 Dr. Hodges returned to North Carolina to serve as Professor and Chair of the Department of Computer Science at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. There he has led an effort that, in five years, doubled the number of Computer Science faculty members and tripled the annual external funding for the Department.
Publications
Co-authors
Productive Colleagues
Publications
Jeong, Dong Hyun, Song, Chang Geun, Chang, Remco, Hodges, Larry F. (2009): User experimentation: an evaluation of velocity control techniques in immersive virtual en. In Virtual Reality, 13 (1) pp. 41-50. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10055-008-0098-6
Daugherty, Brent, Wallendael, Lori Van, Babu, Sabarish, Cutler, Brian, Hodges, Larry F. (2008): Virtual Human versus Human Administration of Photographic Lineups. In IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 28 (6) pp. 65-75. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2008.125
Wartell, Zachary, Hodges, Larry F., Ribarsky, William (2001): Characterizing Image Fusion Techniques in Stereoscopic HTDs. In: Graphics Interface 2001 June 7-9, 2001, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. pp. 223-232.
Bowman, Doug A., Johnson, Donald B., Hodges, Larry F. (2001): Testbed Evaluation of Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10 (1) pp. 75-95.
Hodges, Larry F., Anderson, Page, Burdea, Grigore C., Hoffman, Hunter G., Rothbaum, Barbara O. (2001): Treating Psychological and Physical Disorders with VR. In IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21 (6) pp. 25-33. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/mags/cg/2001/06/g6025abs.htm
Kessler, G. Drew, Bowman, Doug A., Hodges, Larry F. (2000): The Simple Virtual Environment Library: An Extensible Framework for Building VE Applicatio. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9 (2) pp. 187-208.
Leibe, Bastian, Starner, Thad, Ribarsky, William, Wartell, Zachary, Krum, David M., Weeks, Justin, Singletary, Brad, Hodges, Larry F. (2000): Toward Spontaneous Interaction with the Perceptive Workbench. In IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 20 (6) pp. 54-65. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/mags/cg/2000/06/g6054abs.htm
Bowman, Doug A., Wineman, Jean, Hodges, Larry F., Allison, Don (1999): The Educational Value of an Information-Rich Virtual Environment. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8 (3) pp. 317-331.
Bowman, Doug A., Davis, Elizabeth Thorpe, Hodges, Larry F., Badre, Albert N. (1999): Maintaining Spatial Orientation during Travel in an Immersive Virtual Environment. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8 (6) pp. 618-631.
Bowman, Doug A., Hodges, Larry F. (1999): Formalizing the Design, Evaluation, and Application of Interaction Techniques for Immersiv. In J. Vis. Lang. Comput., 10 (1) pp. 37-53.
Bowman, Doug A., Hodges, Larry F., Bolter, Jay David (1998): The Virtual Venue: User-Computer Interaction in Information-Rich Virtual Environments. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7 (5) pp. 478-493.
Bowman, Doug A., Wineman, Jean, Hodges, Larry F., Allison, Don (1998): Designing Animal Habitats Within an Immersive VE. In IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 18 (5) pp. 9-13. https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/38.708555
Watson, Benjamin, Walker, Neff, Hodges, Larry F., Worden, Aileen (1997): Managing Level of Detail Through Peripheral Degradation: Effects on Search Performance wit. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 4 (4) pp. 323-346. https://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/tochi/1997-4-4/p323-watson/p323-watson.pdf
Reddy, Martin, Watson, Benjamin, Walker, Neff, Hodges, Larry F. (1997): Managing Level of Detail in Virtual Environments: A Perceptual Framework. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6 (6) pp. 658-666.
Surdick, R. Troy, Davis, Elizabeth Thorpe, King, Robert A., Hodges, Larry F. (1997): The Perception of Distance in Simulated Visual Displays: A Comparison of the Effectiveness. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6 (5) pp. 513-531.
Watson, Benjamin, Walker, Neff, Hodges, Larry F., Reddy, Martin (1997): An Evaluation of Level of Detail Degradation in Head-Mounted Display Peripheries. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6 (6) pp. 630-637.
Strickland, Dorothy, Hodges, Larry F., North, Max M., Weghorst, Suzanne (1997): Overcoming Phobias by Virtual Exposure. In Communications of the ACM, 40 (8) pp. 34-39.
Allison, Don, Wills, Brian, Bowman, Doug A., Wineman, Jean, Hodges, Larry F. (1997): The Virtual Reality Gorilla Exhibit. In IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 17 (6) pp. 30-38. https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/38.626967
Kessler, G. Drew, Hodges, Larry F., Walker, Neff (1995): Evaluation of the CyberGlove as a Whole-Hand Input Device. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2 (4) pp. 263-283. https://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/tochi/1995-2-4/p263-kessler/p263-kessler.pdf
Hodges, Larry F., Kooper, Rob, Meyer, Thomas C., Rothbaum, Barbara O., Opdyke, Dan, Graaff, Johannes J. de, Williford, James S., North, Max M. (1995): Virtual Environments for Treating the Fear of Heights. In IEEE Computer, 28 (7) pp. 27-34.
Adelson, Stephen J., Allen, Jeanette, Badre, Albert N., Hodges, Larry F., Lawrence, Andrea (1993): Performance Comparison of Multiple Image Depth and Shape Cues. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 5 (4) pp. 347-360.
Williford, James S., Hodges, Larry F., North, Max M., North, Sarah M. (1993): Relative effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization and imaginal desensitization. In: Graphics Interface 93 May 19-21, 1993, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. pp. 162.
Adelson, Stephen J., Hodges, Larry F. (1993): Stereoscopic ray-tracing. In The Visual Computer, 10 (3) pp. 127-144. https://
Hodges, Larry F., Bolter, Jay David, Mynatt, Elizabeth D., Ribarsky, William, Teylingen, Ron van (1993): Virtual Environments Research at the Georgia Tech GVU Center. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 2 (3) pp. 234-243.
Hodges, Larry F., Davis, Elizabeth Thorpe (1993): Geometric Considerations for Stereoscopic Virtual Environments. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 2 (1) pp. 34-43.
Watson, Benjamin, Hodges, Larry F. (1992): Fast algorithms for rendering cubic curves. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 19-28.
Adelson, Stephen J., Bentley, Jeffrey B., Chong, In Seok, Hodges, Larry F., Winograd, Joseph (1991): Simultaneous Generation of Stereoscopic Views. In Comput. Graph. Forum, 10 (1) pp. 3-10. https://www.eg.org/EG/CGF/Volume10/issue1/v10i1pp3-10_abstract.html
Neighbors-III, William Kenneth, Hodges, Larry F. (1989): TREE--MAKER: A user tool. In: Graphics Interface 89 June 19-23, 1989, London, Ontario, Canada. pp. 235-241.
Zanbaka, Catherine Amine, Ulinski, Amy Catherine, Goolkasian, Paula, Hodges, Larry F. (2007): Social responses to virtual humans: implications for future interface design. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems , 2007, . pp. 1561-1570. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240624.1240861
Krum, David M., Omoteso, Olugbenga, Ribarsky, William, Starner, Thad, Hodges, Larry F. (2002): Evaluation of a Multimodal Interface for 3D Terrain Visualization. In: IEEE Visualization 2002 , 2002, .
Koller, David, Lindstrom, Peter, Ribarsky, William, Hodges, Larry F., Faust, Nickolas, Turner, Gregory A. (1995): Virtual GIS: A Real-Time 3D Geographic Information System. In: IEEE Visualization 1995 , 1995, . pp. 94-100. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/vis/1995/7187/00/71870094abs.htm
Shi, Jiaoying, Hodges, Larry F., Sun, Hanqiu, Peng, Qunsheng (eds.) VRST 2002- Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology November 11-13, 2002, Hong Kong, China.
Allison, Don, Hodges, Larry F. (2000): Virtual reality for education?. In: VRST 2000 , 2000, . pp. 160-165. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/502390.502420
Bowman, Doug A., Johnson, Donald B., Hodges, Larry F. (1999): Testbed evaluation of virtual environment interaction techniques. In: VRST 1999 , 1999, . pp. 26-33. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/323663.323667
Jacobson, Jeffrey, Redfern, Mark S., Furman, Joseph M., Whitney, Susan L., Sparto, Patrick J., Wilson, Jeffrey B., Hodges, Larry F. (2001): Balance NAVE: a virtual reality facility for research and rehabilitation of balance disord. In: VRST 2001 , 2001, . pp. 103-109. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/505008.505027
Krum, David M., Ribarsky, William, Shaw, Christopher D., Hodges, Larry F., Faust, Nickolas (2001): Situational visualization. In: VRST 2001 , 2001, . pp. 143-150. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/505008.505037
Watson, Benjamin, Walker, Neff, Hodges, Larry F. (1997): Managing level of detail through head-tracked peripheral degradation: a model and resultin. In: VRST 1997 , 1997, . pp. 59-63. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/261135.261148
Majumder, Aditi, Hodges, Larry F., Cohen-Or, Daniel, Spencer, Stephen N. (eds.) VRST 2007 - Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology November 5-7, 2007, Newport Beach, California, USA.
Cairco, Lauren, Babu, Sabarish, Ulinski, Amy Catherine, Zanbaka, Catherine A., Hodges, Larry F. (2007): Shakespearean karaoke. In: Majumder, Aditi, Hodges, Larry F., Cohen-Or, Daniel, Spencer, Stephen N. (eds.) VRST 2007 - Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology November 5-7, 2007, Newport Beach, California, USA. pp. 239-240. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1315184.1315239
Daugherty, Brent, Babu, Sabarish, Cutler, Brian, Hodges, Larry F. (2007): Officer Garcia: a virtual human for mediating eyewitness identification. In: Majumder, Aditi, Hodges, Larry F., Cohen-Or, Daniel, Spencer, Stephen N. (eds.) VRST 2007 - Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology November 5-7, 2007, Newport Beach, California, USA. pp. 117-120. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1315184.1315204
Ulinski, Amy Catherine, Wartell, Zachary, Hodges, Larry F. (2007): Bimanual task division preferences for volume selection. In: Majumder, Aditi, Hodges, Larry F., Cohen-Or, Daniel, Spencer, Stephen N. (eds.) VRST 2007 - Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology November 5-7, 2007, Newport Beach, California, USA. pp. 217-218. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1315184.1315228
Babu, Sabarish, Schmugge, Stephen, Barnes, Tiffany, Hodges, Larry F. (2006): \"What Would You Like to Talk About?\" An Evaluation of Social Conversations with a Virtua. In: Gratch, Jonathan, Young, Michael, Aylett, Ruth, Ballin, Daniel, Olivier, Patrick (eds.) IVA 2006 - Intelligent Virtual Agents - 6th International Conference August 21-23, 2006, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA. pp. 169-180. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11821830_14
Babu, Sabarish, Schmugge, Stephen, Inugala, Raj, Rao, Srinivasa, Barnes, Tiffany, Hodges, Larry F. (2005): Marve: A Prototype Virtual Human Interface Framework for Studying Human-Virtual Human Inte. In: Panayiotopoulos, Themis, Gratch, Jonathan, Aylett, Ruth, Ballin, Daniel, Olivier, Patrick, Rist, Thomas (eds.) IVA 2005 - Intelligent Virtual Agents - 5th International Working Conference September 12-14, 2005, Kos, Greece. pp. 120-133. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11550617_11
Dinh, Huong Q., Walker, Neff, Hodges, Larry F., Song, Chang, Kobayashi, Akira (1999): Evaluating the Importance of Multi-sensory Input on Memory and the Sense of Presence in Vi. In: VR 1999 , 1999, . pp. 222-228. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/vr/1999/0093/00/00930222abs.htm
Hodges, Larry F. (2001): Using the Virtual World to Improve Quality of Life in the Real World. In: VR 2001 , 2001, . pp. 1-. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/vr/2001/0948/00/09480001abs.htm
Leibe, Bastian, Starner, Thad, Ribarsky, William, Wartell, Zachary, Krum, David M., Singletary, Brad, Hodges, Larry F. (2000): The Perceptive Workbench: Toward Spontaneous and Natural Interaction in Semi-immersive Vir. In: VR 2000 , 2000, . pp. 13-20. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/vr/2000/0478/00/04780013abs.htm
Rizzo, Albert A., Burdea, Grigore C., Hodges, Larry F., Schultheis, Maria T., Strickland, Dorothy, Wiederhold, Brenda K., Wiederhold, Mark D. (2002): Tutorial 3: Assessment, Rehabilitation and Therapy Applications Using VR. In: VR 2002 , 2002, . pp. 301-. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/vr/2002/1492/00/14920301abs.htm
Seay, A. Fleming, Krum, David M., Hodges, Larry F., Ribarsky, William (2001): Simulator Sickness and Presence in a High FOV Virtual Environment. In: VR 2001 , 2001, . pp. 299-300. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/vr/2001/0948/00/09480299abs.htm
Wartell, Zachary, Ribarsky, William, Hodges, Larry F. (1999): Third-Person Navigation of Whole-Planet Terrain in a Head-tracked Stereoscopic Environment. In: VR 1999 , 1999, . pp. 141-. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/vr/1999/0093/00/00930141abs.htm
Zanbaka, Catherine A., Lok, Benjamin, Babu, Sabarish, Xiao, Dan, Ulinski, Amy Catherine, Hodges, Larry F. (2004): Colorplate: Effects of Travel Technique on Cognition in Virtual Environments. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2004 VR 2004 27-31 March, 2004, Chicago, IL, USA. pp. 286. https://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/vr/2004/8415/00/84150286abs.htm
Zanbaka, Catherine A., Lok, Benjamin, Babu, Sabarish, Xiao, Dan, Ulinski, Amy Catherine, Hodges, Larry F. (2004): Effects of Travel Technique on Cognition in Virtual Environments. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2004 VR 2004 27-31 March, 2004, Chicago, IL, USA. pp. 149-156. https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/VR.2004.37
Suma, Evan A., Finkelstein, Samantha L., Reid, Myra, Ulinski, Amy Catherine, Hodges, Larry F. (2009): Real Walking Increases Simulator Sickness in Navigationally Complex Virtual Environments. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2009 VR 2009 14-18 March, 2009, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA. pp. 245-246. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/VR.2009.4811037
Babu, Sabarish, Suma, Evan A., Barnes, Tiffany, Hodges, Larry F. (2007): Can Immersive Virtual Humans Teach Social Conversational Protocols?. In: Sherman, William R., Lin, Ming C., Steed, Anthony (eds.) IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, VR 2007 10-14 March, 2007, Charlotte, NC, USA. pp. 215-218. https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/VR.2007.352484
Bowman, Doug A., Hodges, Larry F. (1997): An Evaluation of Techniques for Grabbing and Manipulating Remote Objects in Immersive Virt. In: SI3D 1997 , 1997, . pp. 35-38,182. https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/253284.253301